Communism And Its Effect On Society - 1554 Words

I was often told as a child that humans share the same thing in common as each other and that was our future destinations. Growing up, I ended up brushing off the thought, since I believed it was nothing but an artificial excuse to scare me into doing well in life. Sadly after all these years, I regret not taking the matter seriously because eventually, I understood what our destination really was the hard way. You see, the city of Panem is a vast monotony of ancient glass and marble shaped by many years of corruption and greed. When the first trace of rebellion against the government was discovered back in ancient times, the town began to collapse even more than it already had and within several years, propaganda for a more amenable town†¦show more content†¦I could hear shocked gasps from several members of the audience while loud shouts of pain emerged from the stranger’s mouth. I awkwardly shuffled in my step as I watched the boy violently pushed against the wooden post. Moments passed by before I took a glimpse at the victim’s face, I could feel a rush of anxiety of curling into my stomach within an instant. A jagged line ran across his eye and down to his cheek, weathered by age and surrounded with patches of red marks situated around certain areas on his face. The broad size of the scar kept hidden the dark details of his previous treatment and most certainly his possible conviction. The moment I made eye contact with the troubled adolescent, my mind began to spiral, suddenly remembering my previous encounters with the teenager. His name was Caleb Durdin, a mysterious student who said to be against the propaganda and of course was the same age as me, 14. I still remember during several classes, Caleb was always get in trouble due to his opinionated behaviour. I understood that he wants to be a hero but sometimes I wonder if he’ll ever learn when to draw the line on when it’s enough. â€Å"Sooner or later, you’re going to learn when to grow up and be a respectful member of society. I’m not sorry it had to end this way Durdin, you brought this upon yourself.† One of the soldiers who dragged Caleb onto stage begun aggressively shouting at him and soon made his way towards theShow MoreRelatedCommunism And Its Effects On Society1307 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout history, people have pushed for it, fought to get rid of it, and started wars over communism. In its theory, Communism is a moneyless, stateless, and classless dream of society to develop a utopia. Under communism, there is no private property as there is today. Instead communists believe in a form of personal property that is determined by use of an object (as opposed to ideal ownership). An example to use is a house. If you eat, sleep, and just generally live in a house, that houseRead MoreCommunism And Its Effect On Society955 Words   |  4 Pagesrun the government, but the theory that many people strive to accomplish is communism. Communism has been tried again and again. The only difference was the people leading the revolutions. The theory to run a government known as communism has been around since the 1840s. This form of government seems great on paper, but fall through after time has past and the government is able to establish itself. Just like a coin, communism has two sides to it. The one side is the idea that everyone is truly equalRead MoreCommunism Of The Vietnam War And The Cold War1181 Words   |  5 PagesCommunism is an ideology that has a very long history more than one-third of the globe. This ideology is followed by Russia, Cuba, Laos, China, North Korea, and Vietnam. This ideology is the source of many revolutions and conflicts throughout the history likes the English Civil War, the Bolshevik Revolution, the Vietnam War, the Korea War and the Cold War. However, what makes Communism different from other ideologies is its origin, its policy, and its effects on the poor and the working class. CommunismRead MoreAustralias Involvement in the Vietnam War Essay978 Words   |  4 Pagesresult of a combined fear of communism and the fall of freedom from danger in Australian democracy and society. The growing web of communism saw the fall of many countries closing in on Australia and New Zealand, and it was believed Robert Menzies’ government that they would find communism at Australia’s shores. Australians were anti-communist during the Vietnam War; due to a level of hype that the society, the media, and the government were exposed to. The â€Å"domino effect† was a popular analogy duringRead MoreThe Collapse of Communism in the USSR, Central, and Eastern Europe1102 Words   |  4 PagesThe collapse of communism in the USSR and Central and Eastern Europe Before we move on to our essay on to analyse The Collapse of Communism in USSR and Central and Eastern Europe and the reasons behind its collapse, we should discuss and understand the definition of Communism. â€Å" Communism is a social system in which all the resources, economic activities are owned by state or country. † It is a system in which wealth is dispersed equally among the people and there is no private ownership ofRead MoreEssay on The Failure of Communism1655 Words   |  7 PagesThe failure of communism Communist had a long history during the 20th century, and communism was very influential. Almost all of Asia and East Europe became Communist. From the start of the theory then many civil wars in Russia affected the whole world. Communist defined the idea of itself in many different ways, it helps many nations came together formed a party fought wars, but it also made many countries became really poor, and the economy in most of the countries got pushed back about 10 yearsRead MoreWealth and Poverty: A Study on Communism and the Communist Manifesto1647 Words   |  7 PagesCommunism. The word sparks dread in the hearts of many Americans raised during the Cold War. What seems to be the basis for a potential utopian society in theory, so far has never, in practice, realized the desires of its institutors. Perhaps the reason communism has never been successful in effect lies in its most basic foundations. After all, a house, as most Texans can attest to, no matter how finely built, cannot stand careful scrutiny for cracks if its foundation is built on shifting soilRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Animal Farm1360 Words   |  6 Pagesquestion whether the type of government, communism, is feasible in a community without leading to a type of dictatorship or totalitarianism. Orwell presents the idea that communism is a good idea in theory, but it always leads to corruption by the people who take power. The author presents the novel as an entertaining fable featuring an animal revolution; however, beneath this storyline Orwell utilizes literary devices, characters, and events to prove how communism is not idealistic in a real scenarioRead MoreThe Vietnam War Was The War Essay1611 Words   |  7 Pageswere bullying South Vietnam, trying to make them a communist. Most of society will not stand up for the weaker person in a bully situation. The United States is not most of society; they believe you mess with someone your own size. Many people have different views on the Vi etnam War: was the war necessary, was the war worth all the sacrifices of American troops lives, what was the United States moral obligation to oppose communism, and what ethics did the Presidents of the United States abide by whenRead MoreThe Time Period Of The Cold War1387 Words   |  6 PagesCold War, made it hard for Americans to continue their optimism historian Stephen Ambrose commented. This paradigm shift is evident in the texts from the era, and by studying them we come to understand the values and atmosphere of the time and the effect those values had on the texts. The Cold War began after the end of World War II, after the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki by the United States of America; that continued until the early 90s with the dissolving of the Soviet Union. The two

Essay on Everyday Use, by Alice Walker - 1102 Words

In the short story, Everyday Use, the author, Alice Walker, develops and transforms the attitude of the protagonist, Mama, adjusting the way she views her two daughters, Maggie and Dee. As one of the most significant characters in the story, Mama sets the perspective and point of view for the readers because of her important role as the narrator. The plot line of the story revolves around the return of Mama’s eldest daughter, Dee, as she is coming home from college in the city. In the beginning of the story, Walker gives the readers the strong impression that Mama harbors a special partiality for her eldest daughter, and a feeling of shame for her youngest, Maggie. But as the story works its way to the peak, and eventually comes to its†¦show more content†¦Mama even has a fantasy about being reunited with her eldest daughter on the Johnny Ross Show, as they embrace and weep in each other’s arms because Dee is a girl who has finally â€Å"made it† (Walker par 3). Through-out the beginning of the story, Mama sings her daughters praises, speaking of her education and her beauty. She compares Dee against her younger sister Maggie, â€Å"Dee is lighter than Maggie, with nicer hair and a fuller figure† (Walker par 10), but her praises remain only on superficial good qualities that Dee possesses. Although Mama speaks highly of her daughter, the tone that Walker writes Mama’s attitude gives the reader an understanding that Mama was slightly resentful toward her daughter, and had hard feelings for Dee’s materialistic love for the finer things in life. â€Å"Dee wanted nice things†¦ Often I fought off the temptation to shake her† (Walker par 12). Mama also mentions Dee’s hatefulness toward the family home, and even had her suspicions of Dee’s hatred for Maggie (Walker par 11), which hints to the readers that Dee’s deeper character flaws do not go unnoticed by Mama. Through Mama’s voice, Walker describes Maggie to be the complete opposite in everything that her older sister is. In contrast to the confident personality that her older sister attains, Mama says, â€Å"[Maggie] has been like this, chinShow MoreRelatedEveryday Use By Alice Walker852 Words   |  4 Pagescomes or belongs to one by reason of birth. In â€Å"Everyday Use†, by Alice Walker, the theme of the story can be considered as the meaning of heritage or even the power of education. Alice Walker uses many symbols and motifs such as the following: quilts, education, knowledge, Asalamalakim, and the renaming of Dee. In the story, African heritage and knowledge takes a major role. The African heritage plays a major role in the story, â€Å"Everyday Use†. Alice Walker emphasizes the meaning of heritage by havingRead MoreEveryday Use By Alice Walker1372 Words   |  6 PagesEverday Use† research paper In â€Å"everyday Use,† Alice Walker tells a narrative of a mother’s frustrating relationship together with her two daughters. At this facet, â€Å",Everyday Use†, tells that how a mom little by little refuses the cursory values of her older, successful daughter at the aspect of the useful values of her younger, much less lucky daughter. On a deeper outlook, Alice Walker takes on the theme of heritage and its norms as it applies to African-Americans. Everday Use, is set insideRead MoreEveryday Use By Alice Walker1102 Words   |  5 Pagespoem â€Å"Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers† can be read similar to Alice Walker s short story Everyday Use† both are compared by the women’s ways of showing their strengths and how they identify their values, expressions and strength. Advertised in the general outlines of the plot, both literary themes talks of a quest for freedom, the characters identity and self-expression. Adrienne Rich â€Å"Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers† Alice Walker â€Å"Everyday Use† Comparison Paper Analyzing the two types of literatureRead MoreEveryday Use By Alice Walker1372 Words   |  6 Pagessociety as a whole, but more specifically in the African American Community. Alice Walker gives slight insight into   what being forced   to assimilate is like. She says in her short story Everyday Use: She will stand hopelessly in corners homely and ashamed of the burn scars down her arms and legs eyeing her sister with a mixture of envy and awe. Statements such as these are a regular occurrence in her works. Walker often speaks on the ever so disheartening topic of cultural assimilation and theRead MoreEveryday Use By Alice Walker996 Words   |  4 PagesIn the short story â€Å"Everyday Use† by Alice Walker, the author describes different ideas about one’s heritage. Culture and heritage is at the main point of the story â€Å"Everyday Use† by Alice Walker as symbolized by the quilt. The bond that Mother and Maggie share is brought by their common talent to make works of art like quilts. Dee does not have similar capacity because she does not appreciate manual labor nor believes in her heritage. The idea of pride in culture, heritage, and family is the mainRead MoreEveryday Use By Alice Walker1721 Words   |  7 PagesIn her short story â€Å"Everyday Use,† Alice Walker summarizes the representation of the beauty, the conflicts and struggles within African-American culture. â€Å"Everyday Use† focuses mainly between members of the Johnson family, consisting of a mother and her two daughters. One of the daughters Maggie, who was injured in a house fire and has living a shy life clinging to her mother for security. Her older sister is Dee, who grew up with a grace and natural beauty. â€Å"Dee is lighter than Maggie, with nicerRead MoreEveryday Use By Alice Walker1111 Words   |  5 Pagestheir culture. Alice Walker highlights and distinguishes the dissimilarities and clichà © of country African American women with the actualities that make up their lives. Characterized by short, compound sentences, with long adjectives and use of literary elements, her style is eloquent conversational and authentic. Alice Walker’s short story, Everyday Use is stylistic, ironic and narrates profound interpretation of unique views and approaches to African-American culture. Walker’s use of characterizationRead MoreEveryday Use By Alice Walker1735 Words   |  7 Pages â€Å"Everyday Use† by Alice Walker and â€Å"Brownies† by ZZ Packer are two different short stories with different lessons but both talk about the topic of race. Both stories talks about the time in the 20th century when slavery just ended but racism are still active between African Americans and Caucasians. Walker described a story about a single African American mother who is waiting for her daughter to arrive from college. Packer described a story about these African American fourth graders who are inRead MoreEveryday Use By Alice Walker1655 Words   |  7 PagesIn â€Å"everyday Use,† Alice Walker tells a narrative of a mother’s frustrating relationship together with her two daughters. At this facet, â€Å",Everyday Use†, tells that how a mom little by little refuses the cursory values of her older, successful daughter at the aspect of the useful values of her younger, much less lucky daughter. On a deeper outlook, Alice Walker takes on the theme of heritage and its norms as it applies to African-Americans. Everday Use, is set inside the late ,60s or mid ,70sRead MoreEveryday Use By Alice Walker1447 Words   |  6 PagesAbout â€Å"Everyday Use† The conflict in the story is centered around the clash between the two worlds with which Walker s character Dee is endued. Dee increasingly accuses her heritage of the ideas and rhetoric of the new Black Pride movement. Walker weaves the theme of African cultural nationalism with a descriptive conflict immersed in family issues. On another level, Alice Walker offers a unique look at the struggling African-American woman to find both a personality and voice from the shadows of

Foundations of Information Systems †Free Samples for Students

Question: Explain on Foundations of Information Systems? Answer: Introduction Unites States Pharma Corp. is a pharmaceutical company that designs, manufactures and researches pharmaceutical products and the company has its headquarters in New Jersey, United States. The company has its sites in every part of the globe and is a developed firm in the market. In order to enhance the communication and research work that is carried out in the organization, it has been recommended that a corporate knowledge environment portal shall be developed and implemented in order to provide the enhanced abilities to the employees that are associated with the company. Researchers along with medical staff members will be primarily making use of the portal. Design Specifications Internal Systems and Databases The corporate knowledge web portal that will be designed for Unites States Pharma Corp. will have a number of internal system components such as the dashboard that will be designed for the portal along with the functional aspects for communication and research facilities. There will also be a component installed as a tele-conferencing medium to allow the researchers to carry out audio and video teleconferencing with the fellow researchers and guides. The database that has been recommended for the portal is MySQL database as it will allow the information associated with the portal to be stored and managed efficiently and access to the database will also be required to be provided (Seethamraju, 2012). External Systems There are a number of external systems and sites that are available and have been created that comprise of research articles, research papers and journals. Link and access to these external sites will be required to be incorporated on the portal such that the research work that is carried out is executed in a better manner. Communication and Collaboration Facilities Pharmaceutical research is a critical process as the outcomes that are obtained after the research process are sensitive and have a direct impact on human and animal life. It is therefore required that the corporate knowledge web portal that is being developed for the organization has the facilities to share files and messages with the others in the business and fellow research scholars as well. There shall also be communication systems in the form of tele-conferencing mediums and instant messengers incorporated in the portal. Search Tools There will be a lot of information that will be available within United States Pharma Corp. that the researchers may search and seek for their research work. Also, there is a lot of information that is externally level on the pharmaceutical subjects that may aid in the research process. In order to reach to the specific research works, search tools shall be incorporated to search for the information on Intranet and Internet as a whole. News Applications Pharmaceutical companies and industries are being improved with a new work of research and development with each passing day. It is necessary to maintain pace with the latest news and information in the business and therefore analysis and information collection tool in the form of a news application shall be included in the portal that shall gather the latest information from the industry and show the same to the user. Forums and Journals There is a lot of work being done at a global scale in the pharmaceutical industry. The users of the web portal shall be provided with a link and access to the popular forums and organizations to collect and gather meaningful information for their research work. Role of Business Intelligence Business Intelligence is commonly referred as BI and it is an umbrella that comprises of many tools and technologies for better processing and handling of information associated with a particular organization. In case of United States Pharma Corp. there will be a lot of information that will be associated which will be required to be analyzed, stored, processed and handled intelligently. The web portal that will be set up for the organization shall therefore include and apply the following BI techniques to provide better information handling and management. Data Mining Data mining is a technology that comes under BI and it includes analysis along with classification of information as per the classes and categories. In this case, the information around the research topic will be analyzed and studies from several angles and viewpoints which will provide the users with the ability to reveal specific patterns on the pharmaceutical research. The information that will be analyzed will include the information collected from several sources (Nicta, 2015). Online Analytical Processing (OLAP) It is required to perform strategic monitoring on the information that is collected for the research work so that the appropriate aggregates of the data are collected. The same will be performed on the portal by OLAP technique (Olap, 2016). Real time BI There are occurrences wherein it will become essential for the user to obtain the latest news and the real-time information from the industry. Real-time BI will be a technique that will be included in the portal to provide the users to have this capability. Data Warehousing There is a lot of inter-related information and components that are present in the work of research from the research work that has already been done along with the ongoing processes. Data warehousing is a process that will allow the researchers and medical staff members to sift through the information sets for understanding the inter-relationship present. The research data that will be available will allow the development of the research work being done (Villanovauniversity, 2016) Data Analytics There will many of the data and information sets that will be associated in the research work and there will only be a few that will be of actual need. Also, it will be necessary to have a technique through which the specific areas and patterns are highlighted. It will be done with the aid of data analytics tools that will be used and implemented on the portal (Searchdatamanagement, 2016). Data Sources This will be one of the most important BI techniques that will be used and incorporated on the web portal of United States Pharma Corp. The data sources that will be used for the research work will be collated to highlight the ones that are actually applicable. Strengthening of Stakeholder Relationships There will be a number of stakeholders that will be involved with United States Pharma Corp. in terms of business owners, partners, medical staff members, research scholars, guides, end users, staff members and many more. Every stakeholder will have his or her own set of needs and requirements from the organization and would want to earn the maximum benefits from the organization it is engaged with. With the development of the corporate knowledge web portal, the research and developmental work that is being carried out at the organization will see some of the marked improvements. There will be streamlining of all the processes that will be achieved along with the obtaining of better results. It will also make sure that the organization delivers better services to its customers as the latest research results will be available. All of these reasons and features will enable the stakeholders to benefit from the organization and the inter-relationship between the stakeholder and the organization along with the stakeholders themselves will also see improvements as a result. System Acquisition Methods There are several custom and off-the shelf methods that are available and may be used for the development of the corporate knowledge web portal for the organization. Some of these methods have been described below with their advantages and disadvantages and the recommended method has also been included at the end. Package Purchasing There are several packages that are available in the market that come with a readymade template along with the functional and non-functional aspects that may be required by the portal. These packages may be used by the organization to include and implement the desired web portal in its architecture. Since the package is readymade there will be a very little time that will be involved in acquiring it. However, it may not be in complete accordance with the desired aspects and time and cost may be spent in these areas. Outsourcing Outsourcing is another method that may be used for acquiring the desired results in the organization. The development of the corporate knowledge web portal cannot be carried out internally in the organization as there is lack of environment and skills in the organization in this area. Outsourcing will include contacting a third party which will be accomplishing the design, development and deployment activities related with the portal. There will however be a lot of time that will be required to be given in order to complete the process through this method. There will be lesser support and maintenance activities associated in this case. Custom Developed Software Another method that may be used by United State Pharma Corp. for the development and implementation of corporate knowledge web portal will be the use of custom developed software. The software will be developed according to the needs and specifications of the organization and there will also be specific attention paid to the required integration and compatibility areas. These packages will score high in terms of the cost but will have the adequate features and functionalities implemented in them. Recommended Method The method that has been recommended for acquiring and developing the corporate knowledge web portal is the outsourcing method. It is because of the reason that it will fulfill the requirements of the portal and will also provide the maintenance and support services after the delivery is made. Maintenance and support cannot be carried out by the staff members of the organization itself as their nature of work and domain is completely different. Also, it will be apt in terms of the budget and schedule constraints and the end product that will be delivered will be as per the requirements of the organization. Risk Management Disaster Recovery Risk Assessment and Identification There may be several risks that may be possible to the information that is present in the portal and these risks have been listed below Attacks on Information Confidentiality Breaching of information The corporate knowledge web portal that will be designed for United States Pharma Corp. will include a number of internal and external systems along with the database. The users will access these systems on the internal and external networks which will have multiple access points. These access points along with the transition of information may be used for breaching the same (Wood, 2016). Unauthorized Tracking The information related with the research work along with the communication activities that will be carried out may be tracked through the network by the attacker and hackers. Data Mining Attacks There are many BI techniques that will be incorporated in the portal such as OLAP, data analytics, data warehousing, data mining etc. These techniques may be used to introduce attacks that are associated with them that may impact information confidentiality (Amato, 2016). Malware Attacks Malware is defined as a code or a program that is defined as a specific purpose of devastation to the system that it will be installed in. There are several types of malware that are present such as viruses, ransomware, spyware, Trojan horses, logic bombs etc. These malware may be launched on the portal through any of the entry points which may bring down the information privacy and confidentiality. Attacks on Information Integrity Message Alteration The researchers and medical staff members will make use of the knowledge portal to enhance and strengthen their research work. There will be a lot of information that will be needed for the purpose and this information will not remain stagnant as it will be necessary to discuss the details and share the information with many entities. The information will therefore be in transit and there will be many messages that will be shared on a constant basis. These messages may be captured, analyzed and transformed by the malicious entities that will have an effect on the integrity of the same (Microsoft, 2016). Media Alteration The researchers and medical staff members will make use of the knowledge portal to enhance and strengthen their research work. There will be a lot of information that will be needed for the purpose and this information will not remain stagnant as it will be necessary to discuss the details and share the information with many entities. The information will therefore be in transit and there will be many media contents that will be shared on a constant basis. These contents may be captured, analyzed and transformed by the malicious entities that will have an effect on the integrity of the same (Aws, 2016). Attacks on Information Availability Flooding Attacks Researchers and medical staff members would want the system that is the web portal to be available and accessible at all times. However, the availability will be impacted by numerous types of denial attacks that will be given shape by introducing a garbage research data and traffic on the portal. Server Impersonating There will be a collaboration of multiple internal and external servers on the portal which may be used as an attack agent by impersonating the same (Mahmoud, 2015). QoS Abuse QoS is an acronym that stands for Quality of Service and there may be attacks that may be executed on the system quality so that the availability is directly affected (Panetta, 2016). Countermeasures and Risk Response Strategies Disaster recovery measures and plan shall be installed and introduced so that in case of a risk or an attack, the information is stored and safeguarded. There shall be backups that shall be automatically scheduled and conducted so that there is no loss of the information in case of an attack. United State Pharma Corp. along with the part that is outsourced for the development of the web portal will be required to make sure that the portal has in-built anti-denial and other anti-malware systems installed. Authentication and access control on all the components of the portal shall be upgraded and transformed to two-fold authentication and multi-step access checks (Lu, 2014). Most of the risks and attacks that have been highlighted get executed through the network. It is therefore required to upgrade the network security by making use of the tools and measures such as network audits, network log maintenance, network monitoring etc. (Jing, 2014) The research information along with the information associated with the users shall be encrypted on the portal and during its transition as well so that the attackers cannot misuse the same. It will be essential to enhance the administrative control by carrying out more number of reviews and security inspections on the portal. There shall also be use of the intrusion detection packages so that any such activity is detected on time and reported to the relevant people. Attackers make use of the vulnerabilities and loopholes that are present in the specific software versions. These versions shall be regularly upgraded to avoid such attacks. The portal shall also have the features of One Time Passwords and Single Sign On installed in them (Bhabad, 2016). Conclusion United States Pharma Corp. is an organization that is looking forward to enhance its communication and research system by developing and implementing the corporate knowledge web portal in its architecture. The database that has been recommended for the portal is MySQL database as it will allow the information associated with the portal to be stored and managed efficiently and access to the database will also be required to be provided. There shall also be communication systems in the form of tele-conferencing mediums and instant messengers incorporated in the portal. Business Intelligence is commonly referred as BI and it is an umbrella that comprises of many tools and technologies for better processing and handling of information associated with a particular organization. In case of United States Pharma Corp. there will be a lot of information that will be associated which will be required to be analyzed, stored, processed and handled intelligently. It is required to perform strateg ic monitoring on the information that is collected for the research work so that the appropriate aggregates of the data are collected. The same will be performed on the portal by OLAP technique. There will many of the data and information sets that will be associated in the research work and there will only be a few that will be of actual need. Also, it will be necessary to have a technique through which the specific areas and patterns are highlighted. It will be done with the aid of data analytics tools that will be used and implemented on the portal. With the development of the corporate knowledge web portal, the research and developmental work that is being carried out at the organization will see some of the marked improvements. There will be streamlining of all the processes that will be achieved along with the obtaining of better results. It will also make sure that the organization delivers better services to its customers as the latest research results will be available. The method that has been recommended for acquiring and developing the corporate knowledge web portal is the outsourcing method. It is because of the reason that it will fulfill the requirements of the portal and will also provide the maintenance and support services after the delivery is made. There are various risks that are associated with the company in terms of the security risks which will be required to be managed through a dedicated risk management system along with the disaster recovery mechanism. References Amato, N. (2016). The hidden costs of a data breach. [online] Journal of Accountancy. Available at: https://www.journalofaccountancy.com/news/2016/jul/hidden-costs-of-data-breach-201614870.html [Accessed 19 May 2017]. Aws (2016). Overview of Security Processes. [online] Available at: https://d0.awsstatic.com/whitepapers/aws-security-whitepaper.pdf [Accessed 19 May 2017]. Bhabad, M. (2015). Internet of Things: Architecture, Security Issues and Countermeasures. [online] Available at: https://www.ijcaonline.org/research/volume125/number14/bhabad-2015-ijca-906251.pdf [Accessed 19 May 2017]. Jing, Q. (2014). Security of the Internet of Things: perspectives and challenges. [online] Available at: https://csi.dgist.ac.kr/uploads/Seminar/1407_IoT_SSH.pdf [Accessed 19 May 2017]. Lu, C. (2014). Overview of Security and Privacy Issues in the Internet of Things. [online] Available at: https://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-14/ftp/security.pdf [Accessed 19 May 2017]. Mahmoud, R. (2015). Internet of things (IoT) security: Current status, challenges and prospective measures - IEEE Xplore Document. [online] Ieeexplore.ieee.org. Available at: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7412116/ [Accessed 19 May 2017]. Microsoft (2016). Core Infrastructure Optimization: IT Security Processes - Best Practices for Business IT. [online] Available at: https://www.microsoft.com/india/infrastructure/capabilities/itprocesses.mspx [Accessed 19 May 2017]. Nicta, (2015). [online] NICTA. Available at: https://www.nicta.com.au/category/research/machine-learning/projects/advanced-data-analytics-in-transport-machine-learning-perspective/ [Accessed 19 May 2017]. Olap.com. (2016). What is Business Performance Management? BPM Definition. [online] Available at: https://olap.com/learn-bi-olap/olap-bi-definitions/business-performance-management/ [Accessed 19 May 2017]. Panetta, K. (2016). Gartner's Top 10 Security Predictions 2016 - Smarter With Gartner. [online] Smarter With Gartner. Available at: https://www.gartner.com/smarterwithgartner/top-10-security-predictions-2016/ [Accessed 19 May 2017]. Searchdatamanagement. (2016). What is data analytics (DA)? - Definition from WhatIs.com. [online] Available at: https://searchdatamanagement.techtarget.com/definition/data-analytics [Accessed 19 May 2017]. Seethamraju, R. (2012). Business process management: a missing link in business education. Business Process Management Journal, 18(3), pp.532-547. Villanovauniversity. (2016). Business Intelligence (BI) Overview of Major Components. [online] Available at: https://www.villanovau.com/resources/bi/overview-of-business-intelligence-bi-components/#.VzordTB97IU [Accessed 19 May 2017]. Wood, P. (2016). Social hacking: The easy way to breach network security. [online] ComputerWeekly. Available at: https://www.computerweekly.com/tip/Social-hacking-The-easy-way-to-breach-network-security [Accessed 19 May 2017]. Foundations of Information Systems – Free Samples for Students Question: Discuss About the Foundations of Information Systems? Answer: Introduction In this era, though access to the information is painless but approaching the right information in shortest possible time is a real challenge. In a pharmaceutical company, below are the points that cover the entire process of a drug manufacturing, Finding the problem/ disease. Detecting the cause. Figuring out the solution. Testing the drug Approval of the drug. Selling the drug in different countries. According to a study, roughly 8-15 years are required to figure out and test the drug and make this available in the market after approval from several drug approving authorities. To make this process less time taking, effective, efficient and productive, now a days, companies have started seeking help from the technology in the form of enterprise web portals that gather the entire enterprise on one platform. These portals not only help researchers to find out the problem and test the solution but also facilitate to share their research with others and get the timely and productive feedback. As United States Pharma Corp has widely worldwide spread network, the portal will help researchers and scientists in getting up to date with each others research, the worth of their research, seeking relevant data and knowing the market worth of their products. The corporate knowledge web portal designed for United States Pharma Corp is based on the vendor supported off-the-shelf product. The str ucture of portal is a well designed for inner and outer communications like Food and Drug administration (FDA), International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Associations (IFPMA) and Worlds Health Organization (WHO) etc. Moreover, the portal is designed keeping in view all the risk factors, security breaches, role based access and disaster recovery etc. Selection of the Right Portal Initially, in the world of computing, the required information systems were built as a single solution for a particular problem. However, now the inter-link of different systems has been realized and it has become apparent that these systems also have some common characteristics in terms of providing solution. The below picture shows the types of the information systems. Fig1. (is-types-five-level-pyramid-model, 2013)Shows the types of information system in four layers As the above image shows, four different types of information systems exist. For a pharmaceutical company, a system should include management information system, intelligent decision support system and executive Information system. Other than this, the portal should include communication facility between different team members working in different countries so, that the researchers will be able to share their work and get feedback. Above that, the system should also allow external sources like FDA and WHO etc. to view the research and provide their timely feedback. While designing the portal, below points were kept in mind, Evaluated the business requirements, goals, products and existing infrastructure while deciding the portal framework strategies. 2.Planned for the ultimate portal framework rather than the immediate. Like, rather than deciding a solution for a particular problem, administrative and departmental both solutions have been considered to be implemented. 3.In order to avoid systems that are firmly tied to specific applications or information sources, a vendor supported off-the-shelf product has been preferred over custom portal development. Kept in view the overall structure and the world wide spread of the company. Evaluated the clients and related companies or food authorities to provide ease in contact. Figured out the availability of the right data in order to help scientists in research. Structure of the Enterprise Portal Framework: The designed enterprise portal contains database for keeping research data, external sources, communication facility, internet tools, daily research data and connections with pharmaceutical forums. Each part of the system is described in detail below. According to (Collins, 2003), an organizations infrastructure is composed of several layers that collaborate for providing a comprehensive solution in the form of an enterprise knowledge portal. Its architecture layers include internet, firewall or demilitarized zone (DMZ), intranet, application services, portal services and backend systems like databases. The author also says that, the portal server includes below services, Security Services, for providing the authentication service. The Rules Server, for managing the content information and workflow from backend systems to the desktop. The Portal Component Server, for providing the collection of objects for connectivity and application services. The Personalization Server, helps in providing users the role based access to the system. Database: While designing any portal, the selection of the database has always remained the critical part. From the variety of databases available in the market, one need to give a serious thought on the pros and cons of the databases and must make comparison with the business requirements. As per the requirements of a pharmaceutical company, a large database is needed to be maintained in order to keep the research data, daily research patterns, popular searches, testing, approval and selling records. The database structure of the company will not be very complicated comparatively so the choice of a structured database like SQL Server or Bizztalk Server will remain the best. While choosing between SQL Server and Bizztalk Server, the former provides more suitable features to support the enterprise structure. According to (NADE, 2005), BizTalk Server makes the configuration of groups targeted towards a particular application possible. In particular, each single group can have the database acting as shared queue. While, another database one can be used for recording information on the progress of messages. To summarize, the Bizztalk Server provides the enterprise solution, facilitates in integration and provides orchestration services. The structured database will be able to maintain all the information in a well maintained fashion and the cost of the transaction of the data will not be very costly. Moreover, once the database will be designed the change in the database structure will not be very frequent, so the structure database choice will also benefit in this regard. External Sources: For a completely designed enterprise system, link with external sources is important like payment systems etc. For a pharmaceutical company, a portal to interlink the companies supplying or researching on chemicals will help in searching the chemical search coming in the marker and using those chemical in producing drugs. The link with external authoritative companies like food and drug administration (FDA), Worlds Health Organization and International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Associations (IFPMA) will enable scientists and researchers to communicate their tests and research in time and take their timely feedback to improve the results and manufacture a productive drug against to cure the disease. Customization:Basically, customization is the procedure of the portal configuration. It defines the overall appearance of portal including look and feel like layout and color scheme etc. declaring roles, integration of the external and internal data sources and defining a security policy. So, the choice of off-the shelf application is made instead of customized one. The choice follows keeping in mind the complexity of the portal. As the portal will be accessible in different countries and role based access will be provided, so the complexity of the users will increase and development of such a system which covers such a huge well settled company required a very strict and competent team of professionals which will add cost to the company. So, the company will customize an off-the shelf application and on turning the portal towards the users they will be able to personalize their experience by making changes in the content or layout to fulfill their particular business requirements. Content delivery:requires the capturing of external and internal content and providing it to the workers who need it. On the other hand, some portals provide the system administrators to declare a series of options or categories in the form of lists term taxonomy is also referred for this purpose. Users check the entire category list or tree to find the required information. On the other hand, a second approach includes publishing the content to the channel, which may become available to the subscribed users of the channel who will automatically be notified about the updates or the content availability. Thus, a knowledge base repository is essential for information sharing especially in a dynamic organization like Pharma Corp. Search:is the key in the research companies like Parma Corp. It is essential, especially when the researchers could not find their required information just by navigating through the portal. In most of the cases, it is assumed that people will try to search down maximum one or two category lists and will surrender if they could not reach nearest to their desired search category. To cope up with these situations, a context-sensitive search engine is preferred that can help locating the right and required information easily and quickly. The enterprise solution for Pharma Corp will also include this search engine to optimize the sear results in minimum possible time. The portal will also help providing the top most searched categories of employees to check the popularity of issues and interests of the scientists. Date or Application Integration:is critical for the rise of an Enterprise Information Portal (EIP). Users prefer integrated access to entire data and applications that they are required to complete their research in timely and well defined fashion. This Enterprise Information Portal (EIP) will be capable to access data from all available databases of Pharma Corp, including foregoing and previous sources. The portal would also be able to reach into the uncategorized file systems and will allow users to get access to Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Word, Microsoft Exchange, and other data files. Moreover, this should provide an easy access to all the sites that publish the latest researches on drug manufacturing. In addition, users will be able to run applications ranging from plain desktop tools e.g. contact managers or e-mail etc. to enterprise applications e.g. ERP, CRM or supply chain, through the portal user interface(UI). Information Sharing:emphasize on participation, collaboration, publication, chat, threaded discussions and conferencing. Mostly, the companies manage their collaborative activities like workgroups and projects through their Enterprise Information System (EIP). For a company like Pharma Corp, sharing of information like tests is very important. Just in case, a team working on some drug in Australia performs some tests and meanwhile the same tests have been performed in United states, the sharing of information will help both teams, physically sitting far away, to compare their results or give feedback. This sharing will help reduce the testing time, getting valuable feedback in smart amount of time. The impact of this portal will be huge. This may provide edge to the scientists to share their knowledge with external food approving authorities and get timely approval. Communication Facility: The Enterprise Information System (EIB) for Pharma Corp facilitates in communication with both internal and external teams and companies. Modern IT environments are being challenged to make information timely accessible to a variety of internal or external user while preserving the contractual level service agreements. In order to harbor these requirements, the enterprise information portals are transforming as the primary tools for the IT organizations to share information and communicate not only within their organizations but also with their customers or partner companies. Todays advanced technology support the deployment and development of EIB by influencing industry standards and best of tech tools. Through EIB, the workers will be able to approach each other smartly. They will also be able to arrange conferences or individual meetings for seeking any help, suggestions and feedback. This approach will add a significant impact on the overall improvement in research drug and business. Intranet and Internet Tools: Now days, enterprises are thinking more about their customers, market, suppliers, product and their quality. An intranet is a network based architecture which serves the internal information requirements of an organization using Web-Internet. In detail, intranet is termed as a private network that works on TCP/IP protocols and internet for communication. Technically, intranets are the application of internet technology and specifically the World Wide Web (WWW) service for an authorized community of end users. In other words, intranet is a network that is especially designed for providing ease in fulfilling organizations internal requirements using Internet concepts. According to (Waghmode, S. S., Giri, V. V., 2010), Intranets are similar to the digital warehouses for storage retrieval of organizations Information, which contains significant importance for enterprises and organizations. The basic purpose of the intranet is to share information within the computing resources and organization among employees. The following points are cited for its popularity: Easier to install Simplicity of operation .Saves money .Reusability Save time of workers by sharing common and new resources. Sources for Relevant News: Keeping up-to-date makes businesses even more successful. Just to keep the workers up-to-date of all the latest news, technology and inventions in the market, another feature of relevant news is also included in the portal. As described above, the portal will be interlinked with external sources for getting access to all the latest news. Connections with Pharmaceutical Forums: For adding an effective contribution to the health and well-being of the human beings, the pharmaceutical industrys internal strategies must be according to the communitys needs. For example, according to (Growth, 2017) the European Commission organized the Process on Corporate Responsibility in the Field of Pharmaceuticals (2010-2103) in order to promote discussions on transparency and non-regularity conditions for smart access to drug production after getting the market authorization. Similarly, plenty of forums are which needed to be attended for seeking information and taking part in the discussion. This will purify scientists thoughts and approach toward their research. Decision Making: is of significant importance in the design of an enterprise information system. Decisions involve many aspects that need to be traded off. Enterprise information systems can help an organization in making productive decisions by facilitating with accurate and up to date information after applying analytic functions. EIP would be able to organize the basic available data collected from the entire companys branches including internal and external information and records. After, the data will be converted into reports for guidance in making the valid and right decisions. A companys decisions are projected in company results and require changes in the business strategy and overall aims. Addition of this feature in the Enterprise Information System can either provide built in trend analysis or the information that leads towards such analysis. In general, a typical business strategy includes projections for all basic analytical results. The trend analysis of these operations allows showing their outcomes and how they can be changed once you have implemented the necessary decisions. For example, the proposed enterprise system will contain the Pharma Corps employees popular searches, updates, successful tests and feedbacks. So, the existences of the entire information on one platform wills enable the company to make clever decisions that would benefit both the employee and the company. Role Based Security: The idea of a role comes out of the need to provide relevant functionality which is authorized as a single unit later. According to (Nyanchama, M., Osborn, S. L., 1994), a role can be taken as a job, a collection of functions and responsibility or a bunch of privileges pertaining to some duty requirements. Further, a role exists as an entity of the role holder or role administrator. It should be accommodated with functionality to enable only the authorized users to achieve the duty associated with the role. Hence, in EIP a certain role will be given the sufficient access rights to enable an authorized user or group to perform their duties. (Baldwin,1990) termed these as Named Protection Domains (NPDs). The portal will include role based access to distinguish the usage of each employee according to their designation and need. The feature will help securing the system and redistrict the access if overall information of the portal among employees. Risk Management: According to (Stoneburner, G., Goguen, A. Y., Feringa, A. 2002), risk management consists of three processes, Risk Assessment Evaluation Risk Mitigation Risk assessment process includes evaluation and identification of risks and its impacts including the recommendation of risk reducing measures. While risk mitigation refers to implementing and prioritizing the appropriate risk minimizing measures which are also recommended in the risk assessment process. The author proposes the DAA system authorizing official that is responsible for determining whether the remaining risk is at an acceptable level or the additional security controls should be implemented for further reduction or elimination in residual risk. In case of a pharmaceutical company which relies so deeply on an information system, risk assessment is essential to minimize the risk of loss in business. After the entire enterprise will shift on technology the redundancy of the data will be of equal importance as the security of the data. In this situation, keeping separate servers on different locations and migrating data, daily, for adding redundancy, in data, will be beneficial. The scheme will help in case of disasters. In case of any uncertain situation, one place will be affected the company would be able to recover the entire records from a different location. Summary: In the current era of rising technology, each organization wants to shift towards advanced online portals for maintaining their data and enhancing their business. The proposed Enterprise portal strategy is well designed keeping in mind all the essential factors that could give raise to the business and provide benefits to employees. The proposed system includes suitable and well developed database in addition of features like access to external forums, communication facility, decision making and role based security etc. All the proposed features will help the Pharma Corp to give more challenging products to the society. References: NADE, A. (2005). Enterprise integration Collins, H. (2003).Enterprise knowledge portals: next-generation portal solutions for dynamic information access, better decision making, and maximum results. AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn Waghmode, S. S., Giri, V. V. (2010). INTRANET AND INTERNET Nyanchama, M., Osborn, S. L. (1994, August). Access Rights Administration in Role-Based Security Systems. InDBSec(pp. 37-56)W. Baldwin (May 1990). Naming Grouping Privileges to Simplify Security Management in Large Databases. In Proc. 1990 IEEE Symposium on Research in Security and Privacy (pp 116-132) Stoneburner, G., Goguen, A. Y., Feringa, A. (2002). Sp 800-30. risk management guide for information technology systems. is-types-five-level-pyramid-model 2013, url: https://eternalsunshineoftheismind.files.wordpress.com/2013/02/is-types-five-level-pyramid-model.png Corporate responsibility in the pharmaceutical industry - Growth - European Commission. (n.d.). Retrieved May 18, 2017, from https://ec.europa.eu/growth/sectors/healthcare/competitiveness/corporate-responsibility_en

The Green Programs Of Marriott International Corporation Tourism Essay Essay Example

The Green Programs Of Marriott International Corporation Tourism Essay Essay Since 1987, the construct of sustainability was mentioned on a co-ordinated international platform, the motion towards sustainability had been expanded over the Earth. The governmental and non-governmental organisations, corporations and consumers those concentrating on exist in harmoniousness are progressively with the milieus and environmental footmarks. The cordial reception industry besides non exclusion, therefore the sustainability construct had begun to derive the impulse in this industry. ( Ernst and Young, 2008 ) Alison Sperry ( 2010 ) defined that Traveling Green is doing the day-to-day determinations with responsible that benefits to the environment and besides can cut down waste and pollution. This construct besides encourages a life style of recycling, utilizing chemical-free merchandises, utilizing the alternate energy beginnings such as the air current and solar, and cut downing the dependence on fossil fuels for energy. Hotel concerns developed and operated by the ingestion of important sums of natural resources which are affected the sustainability of the natural environment. The field of corporate societal duty ( CSR ) therefore, has grown well over the last decennary due to an increasing figure of companies officially recognizing the impacts they have on the environment, on society and on the economic system ( Jones et.al, 2006 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on The Green Programs Of Marriott International Corporation Tourism Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Green Programs Of Marriott International Corporation Tourism Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Green Programs Of Marriott International Corporation Tourism Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Ernst and Young ( 2008 ) defined that green: non a black and white issue. The travelers that concerned about the environment were progressively and they ever make their ain finding as to what constitutes greenness in the housing industry. Harmonizing to Deloitte Survey ( 2008 ) showed that, consumers, employees and single travelers start to refer more about the cordial reception industry s sustainability. Most of the persons besides start to alter their life styles and accepting higher green criterions for themselves and besides to the companies that they cooperate with. Marriott International has more than twenty-year committedness to get down the environmental saving. The Marriott International is working toward a greener, healthier planet and their operating units are employ methods to protect the milieus of natural and resources ( Marriott, 1996 2010 ) . Every twelvemonth, the Marriott International and its proprietors had spent around 10 billion merely for purchase the merchandises and services for its 3,300 hotels around the universe. Marriott International besides spread outing its green hotels and edifices portfolios. Besides that, about 275 of Marriott s hotels have received the ENERGY STARA ® label from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ( Marriott, 1996 2010 ) . Last but non least, Marriott International besides was ranked 42nd out of 100 in The Greenest Big Companies on Newsweek s first-ever list. Furthermore, Marriott International besides gets the 2009 Tourism for Tomorrow Award for Sustainability in the classs of the Global Tourism Business by the World Travel and Tourism Council ( WTTC ) ( Marriott, 1996 2010 ) . The Problem Statement The job of this subject is about how Marriott International. Inc. patterns their traveling green plans in their belongingss. Marriott International Corporation is a taking worldwide cordial reception company ( Marriott, 2010 ) . Presently, Marriott has more than 3100 of lodging belongingss is in the United States and 65 is in other states and districts through 17 housing, and holiday resort ownership trade names ( Marriott, 2009 ) . Marriott Corporation has more than twenty twelvemonth committedness with environmental saving ( Marriott, 2010 ) . In 2007, Marriott formed a Global Green Council, a cross-functional squad of senior executives that collaborated with Conservation International, a planetary environmental organisation, to measure its patterns, set long-run ends, develop an environmental strategic program and catalyse its advancement ( Marriott, 2010 ) . Five-point Environmental Strategy of Marriott International was developed in coaction with Conservation International which are includes ( Marriott, 2009 ) : Reduce Consumption of Water, Waste and Energy Greener Buildings, enlargement of LEED-certified hotels Greening Supply Chain Protecting the Rainforest with Carbon Beginnings Employee A ; Guest Battle Over the last decennary, for, the Marriott International corporate organized the Going Green plans which involved in energy preservation by changed 450,000 of the visible radiation bulbs with fluorescent lighting, installed around 400,000 low-flow of showerheads and lavatories and besides introduced the linens reuse plans in their hotels worldwide ( Marriott, 2009 ) . Besides that, the Marriott s Retro-Commissioning ( MRCx ) plan, be aftering procedure and a comprehensive rating that helps their belongingss which conducted more than 30 of their largest belongingss become as energy efficient as possible ( Marriott, 2009 ) . Through the undertakings to completed over last few old ages and those which presently under manner, Marriott anticipate salvaging 12 million kW of power ( Marriott, 2009 ) . In general, belongingss find that after it implement all the recommendations that evolved from an MRCx appraisal, it energy costs decrease 5 to 25 per cent, they are besides accomplishing on the norm and a payback on their investing in merely 1.4 old ages ( Marriott, 2009 ) . In the Americas, Marriott achieved a 2.2 per cent decrease per available room ( Marriott, 2009 ) . In late 2009, through a partnership with a U.S.-based landscape gardening company, Marriott adopted a climate-specific attack to landscape gardening, utilizing native workss and restricted coloring material pallets to cut down irrigation demands and cut the sum of fertiliser required to maintain workss healthy ( Marriott, 2009 ) . In 2009, Marriott s landfill waste in the USA totalled 726,993 dozenss which reflects a 17 per cent decrease from 2007 ( Marriott, 2009 ) . Additionally, its recycling rate besides was increased to 69 per cent and all the heading quarters waste besides was diverted from the landfill to the waste-to-energy works ( Marriott, 2009 ) . Besides, Marriott spread outing its existing of Reduce, Reuse and Recycle plans that already in topographic point of 90 per cent of hotels which included invitee room and meeting suites ( Marriott, 2009 ) . Forty Marriott International hotels are expected to have the LEED enfranchisement from the USGBC ( USGBC, 2010 ) . In add-on, Marriott international s planetary Headquarters in Bethesda was received the LEED-Existing Building Gold position ( USGBC, 2010 ) . Furthermore, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency besides had awarded Marriott International for three following old ages with its Sustained Excellence Award and more than 275 of its hotels besides placed the ENERGY STARA ® label ( Marriott, 2010 ) . Marriott has teamed up with many Corporation or organisations to assist them back up their attempts to continue and protect the environment ( Marriott, 2009 ) . For case, Amazonas Sustainable Foundation ( FAS ) , Conservation International, ENERGY STARA ® , International Tourism Partnership ( ITP ) , and U.S. Green Building Council ( USGBC ) . The Marriott s protecting the rainforest scheme is aid to protect 1.4 million of estates in endangered rain forest for the Juma Sustainable Development Reserve ( Marriott, 2009 ) . Research Questions The followerss are some cardinal inquiries addressed by his research: Is the Marriott International had practiced the traveling green? How the Marriott International practiced the traveling green in this industry? Why the Marriott international will practise the traveling green? What degree of traveling green plans of Marriott International? What differences between Marriott International s traveling green plan with other companies? Does the traveling green plan addition the income of Marriott International? Research Aims To reply the above research inquiries, this survey seek to carry through the undermentioned aims: To look into traveling green practiced among all Marriott International s belongingss. To find how the Marriott International practiced the traveling green. To find the grounds of Marriott International practiced the traveling green. To analyze the degree of traveling green practiced among all Marriott International s belongingss. To compare the degree of traveling green with other companies. To find the advantages and disadvantages of traveling green in Marriott International. To specify the relation between cordial reception industry and CSR. Theoretical/ Conceptual Framework Conceptual Model Marriott International. Inc. Traveling Green s Programs The schemes and plans of traveling green in Marriott International. Inc. Identify the construct and construction of CSR in cordial reception industry. The Actions that patterns by Marriott International corporate. Theoretical Model This research largely searches on the Marriott International Corporate rehearsing the degree of traveling green in most of their belongingss. The ground why Marriott International become celebrated in traveling green plan because their organized a batch of events or activities to greening their companies. In the cyberspace or newspaper, we can see that Marriott International corporate organized a batch of activities in rejuvenation and acquire a batch of award internationally in greening plan. Besides that, their besides is one of the celebrated go green corporate in the universe. Furthermore, the traveling viridity is non easy to patterns in the companies because it need a batch of resources to do it truly work. Scope and Restriction This survey was carried out among all Marriott International in traveling green plan. The Marriott International, Inc. s operations are grouped into the five concern sections which are North American Limited-Service Lodging, North American Full-Service Lodging, Luxury Lodging, International Lodging and Timeshare. This survey besides for defined the degree of spell green in Marriott International Corporate by Corporate Social Responsibility ( CSR ) . Significance of the Study The important of this research proposal is to measure the degree of traveling green activities that patterns or organized by Marriott International Corporate. Harmonizing to The New York Times ( 2009 ) , the Marriott International announced that they would no longer present newspapers to every guestroom in the forenoon. They merely will present to which guest suites had requested a newspaper or can pick one up in the anteroom. Although that alteration is arguably every bit much about salvaging money more than salvaging trees. Marriott had assessed that it would cut down the newspaper distribution at its hotels to about 18 million merely yearly. Furthermore, this research is for acknowledge people around the universe to cognize how of import and advantages of traveling green in cordial reception industries now a yearss. Now, most of the cognition people are aiming the rejuvenation companies to collaborate with than normal companies. This is why more and more companies traveling to rehearsing greening in their company because followed by the tendency of all around the universe. Chapter TWO Literature Review 2.1 Introduction The literature reappraisal will get down with an indispensable apprehension of the cardinal points needed in order to carry through the purpose of the undertaking. The research will be analysed in the literature to assist build an academic construction on the definition and construct of Corporate Social Responsibility ( CSR ) . The literature will besides measure the intent of sustainable development in the cordial reception industry and its advantages and restrictions. One country which has been peculiarly analysed is the traveling green programmes that pattern by the cordial reception industry as it contains most of the cardinal countries. Furthermore, the literature reviews besides analyzing the positions, theories statements and positions of old writers for appraisal. The literature reviews besides will eventually execute as a beginning with which to analyze the differing positions on these cardinal points place spreads for statement and highlight key issues associated with trave ling green programme in cordial reception. 2.2 Corporate Social Responsibility Definitions and Concepts The field of corporate societal duty ( CSR ) has grown well over the last decennary due to an increasing figure of companies officially recognizing the impacts they have on the environment, on society and on the economic system ( Jones et.al, 2006 ) . CSR issues are now being combined into all parts of the concern operations. CSR is made in the missions, visions and value statements of companies all around the universe ( Ofori and Hinson, 2007 ) . Definitions of corporate societal duty ( CSR ) have, nevertheless, remained an country of deliberation from the constructs really beginnings. A assortment of definitions have been framed. The Commission of the European Communities, Brussels ( 2001, p.6 ) defines CSR as: aˆÂ ¦a construct whereby companies integrate environmental and societal concerns in the concern operations and in their interactions with their stakeholders on a voluntary footing. Therefore, CSR is non merely fulfilling legal duties but may besides travel beyond conformity to encompass wider societal, environmental and economic ends ( Brussels, 2001 ) . The construct of CSR is one which has emerged over the last 50 old ages to busy a important function in certain facets of organizational theory and has merely been in broad usage since the 1960s ( Meehan et al. , 2006 ) . CSR was finally recognised as concerns that are portion of society and have the possible to do a positive impact to the societal ends ( Jones et al. , 2006 ) . CSR hence seems to be synonymous with charitable and voluntary Acts of the Apostless by concern administrations designed to better societal accomplishments. Conversely, Donaldson and Preston ( 1995 ) believe that concerns are non responsible to society but responsible to their stakeholders and position CSR from this position. Furthermore, one of most cited definitions of CSR is defined by the World Bank ( 2003 ) , which defines CSR as the duty of concerns to lend to the sustainable economic development which working with internal stakeholders, the local community, and society to better the quality of life which is positive for concern and development. The similarity among these different definitions of CSR is that companies should prosecute in CSR behavior as portion of their organizational scheme. Bevan et Al. ( 2004 ) list nine possible benefits of CSR which include reduced operating costs ; improved profitableness and fiscal public presentation ; enhanced capableness to introduce ; better hazard and crisis direction ; long-run sustainability for companies and the work force ; improved staff committedness and engagement ; good dealingss with authorities and society ; enhanced repute and trade name value ; and enhanced client relationships and increased consciousness of client demands. 2.3 The Sustainability Development of the Hotel Industry International Tourism Partnership ( 2010 ) defines the term green in concern as ab initio related to the environmental issues. It besides has evolved to include all facets of corporate societal duty ( CSR ) and sustainability. Sloan et Al. ( 2009 ) specify a sustainable cordial reception operation as one which manages its resources in such a manner that economic, societal and environmental benefits are maximised in order to run into the demand of the present coevals while protecting and increasing chances for future coevalss. Harmonizing to Green Hotels Association ( 2010 ) , Green Hotels have gained a bridgehead in lodging operators part to society s concern for the environment which focuses on programmes which are designed to cut down solid waste, save H2O and salvage energy. Programme constituents such as towel rack hangers and sheet-changing cards have achieved positive responses by hotel direction staff every bit good as invitees for over 10 old ages. The UK hotel sector would look to accept that it does hold an impact on the environment ( Brown, 1996 ) . This is non merely confirmed by explorative research but besides through the formation of the International Tourism Partnership ( ITP ) . The ITP has published an environmental magazine, the Green Hotelier , whose readership cares about environmentally and socially responsible hotel behavior as focused on positive sustainable travel and touristry development ( International Tourism Partnership, 2010 ) . Harmonizing to research by the Carbon Trust ( Green hotelkeeper, 2010 ) , lifting energy monetary values and revenue enhancements are the biggest concerns confronting the British cordial reception industry in 2010. This position is supported by Alexander and Kennedy ( 2002 ) who find that the most uneconomical and dearly-won of resources usage in hotels are normally in the ingestion of over H2O use, non-renewable energy and besides the overall wastage. 2.4 The province of CSR within the Hospitality and Tourism Industry The province of CSR within cordial reception and touristry endeavors may be somewhat different from that in other concerns. Since 1992, the tendency in the cordial reception and touristry industry has been to concentrate on environmental concerns, usage of engineering, and efficient usage of energy ( Henderson, 2001 ) . European cordial reception administrations have established two enterprises that improve CSR in the European cordial reception sector which are European Federation of Food and Agriculture and Tourism Trade Unions ( EFFAT ) and Green Hotels ( Holcomb, 2007 ) . In 2004, the EFFAT and the Confederation of National Associations of Hotels, Cafes and Restaurants in Europe drafted the understanding parametric quantities for employers to subscribe a joint papers on CSR, refering working conditions, wage, equal chance, preparation, wellness and safety, and restructuring ( The European Agency for Safety and Health at Work, 2008 ) . These combined actions would look to demo th e cordial reception industry s acceptance of and committedness to socially responsible behavior as opposed to externally derived governmental conformity directives. 2.5 Green enterprises, inducements and green wash Nunes and Bennett ( 2010 ) list two classs of green enterprises that are operational in the market place. First, concerns focus on incorporating green characteristics into the design or features of single merchandises, for case, developing a wash detergent that is eco-friendly. Second, larger proportions of resources have been committed to decreases in the sum of waste generated and energy used, and besides to constructing green and restricting CO2 emanations from production. In a major survey, Alexander and Kennedy ( 2002 ) suggest a Zero Waste Approach that includes energy efficiency, H2O preservation and solid waste decrease, which can increase efficiency, provide cost nest eggs, cut down the load of extraction from and waste to nature, and let more resources to be available. This position is supported by Nunes and Bennett ( 2010 ) who suggest that, ideally, green behavior should travel beyond merely making a reclaimable merchandise to a more holistic incorporation of sustainable values into a corporation s nucleus rules and values. Bohdanowicz et Al. ( 2005 ) finds that the handiness of facility-specific informations and entree to information on the relevant best pattern are indispensable for measuring and benchmarking the environmental public presentation of hotel installations. Alexander and Kennedy ( 2002 ) suggest an option for conserving energy which is implement energy-efficient undertakings in infinite warming and chilling systems. For case, The Hyatt Regency International Hotel in New Zealand developed a undertaking to associate energy usage with room tenancy which has saved $ 14,000 of energy yearly ( Hyatt, 2010 ) . Alexander and Kennedy ( 2002 ) suggest that low-flow shower caputs and tap aerators are some options for H2O preservation, which are going common among hotel installations, and the payback period can be three old ages depending on the extent of the undertaking. For case, Green Hotels Association ( 2010 ) observed H2O usage in the La Quinta Inn, San Antonio that had saved 180,000 gallons of H2O per twelvemonth by put ining ultra-flow lavatories, low-flow shower caputs and air outing lights-outs in each room. In add-on, Priesnitz ( 2008, p.14 ) defines greenwash as: aˆÂ ¦.the Acts of the Apostless of misdirecting consumers sing the environmental patterns of a company or the environmental benefits of a merchandise or service . Whellams and MacDonald ( 2007 ) label the corporations as greenwashers if they spend more on corporate image advertisement that boasts about human-centered programmes than on the programmes themselves, for case, charities, contributions or parts. Greenwashing can hold fatal effects on a company s trustiness. This position is supported by Priesnitz ( 2008 ) who points out that non merely are a house s clients deceived, but, that greenwashing can besides destroy relationships with all stakeholders. 2.6 Case survey of Accor and Hilton Based on their entire room figure and location of their hotels, the two hotel groups selected for instance survey were Accor Hotel Group ( Europe ) and Hyatt Corporation ( USA ) , being in 2009 the top 10 hotel groups in UK ( Caterersearch, 2010 ) . Marriott International Corporate besides is one of the top 10 hotel groups in UK. A Company Number of hotels Number of suites Number of hotels worldwide 1 Whitbread Hotel Company 577+ 40,000+ 580 2 Intercontinental Hotels Group 248 34,955 4,200 3 Travelodge ( DubaiA International Capital ) 372 23,150 380+ A 4 Accor Hotels 138 19,996 4,000 5 Hilton Hotels Corporation 78 16,566 3,200 A 6 BestA Western 285 15,305 4,035 A 7 Wyndham Worldwide 122 12,274 7,000 8A Marriott Hotels 58 12,015 3,200 A 9 CarlsonA Hotels WorldwideA 50 9,718 1,030 10A TheA Rezidor Hotel GroupA A 42 7.759 380 Table 1: Top 10 Hotel Groups in the UK, 2009 by figure of sleeping rooms. ( Caterersearch, 2010 ) Accor Group Hotels Accor presently manages 4,100 hotels under 13 different trade names worldwide ( Accor, 2010 ) . The doctrine of Accor Corporation is regard for diverse civilizations and integrating environmental best patterns in all its belongingss operations ( Accor, 2010 ) . The ends of their Earth Guest programme, launched in 2006, are to cut down H2O and energy ingestion, promote balanced nutrition and to duplicate, in three old ages, the figure of hotels that offer fair-trade merchandises ( Accor, 2010 ) . The programme is divided into two parts which are a societal duty development country ( EGO ) and an environmental duty development country ( ECO ) ( Accor, 2010 ) . EGO is includes programmes for local development, the protection of kids, combating of epidemics and the publicity of healthy feeding. Besides that, the ECO is includes the decrease of H2O and energy use and the saving of biodiversity, every bit good as the upgrading of waste sorting and recycling ( Accor, 2008 and 2009 ) . The Hotelier s Environmental Charter is Accor s internal benchmarking tool and provides the local hotel directors with guidelines for environmentally sustainable concern patterns. Harmonizing to the World Travel and Tourism Council ( 2010 ) , the 88 % of 4,000 Accor s belongingss has adopted Hotelier s Environmental Charter. The Charter gives hotel directors and employees clear instructions on how resources can be saved in the countries of energy, H2O and waste ( Accor, 2008 ) . The first and 2nd point of Hotelier s Environmental Charter considers is energy and H2O ( Accor, 2010 ) . Compact fluorescent visible radiation bulbs are used in 82 % hotels for countries that remain light 24 hours a twenty-four hours ( Accor, 2010 ) . Accor besides continued to advance the usage of renewable energy beginnings, put ining solar-powered hot H2O systems in 32 hotels in 2009, with a sum of 99 hotels now equipped worldwide ( Accor, 2009 ) . Accor is actively involved in H2O preservation steps and H2O use per occupied room, sum was reduced 4 % between 2006 and 2009 ( Accor, 2009 ) . Furthermore, flow-regulators have now been installed in showers and spigots in 89 % of hotels ( Accor, 2009 ) . Accor actively promotes waste screening and recycling every bit good as eco-designed merchandises for case, 51 % of hotels recover paper, composition board and glass ( Accor, 2008 ) . Accor has improved its public presentation in waste direction by manage with a dedicated waste direction faculty that monitor the sum of waste produced per room, the recovery rate and the cost of waste disposal ( Accor, 2009 ) . Waste Traceability chiefly concerns the separation of waste, where the company already achieves a high mark in France owing to its proactive information policy ( Accor, 2008 ) . Harmonizing to Accor ( 2010 ) , their hotel prefers eco-labelled providers. In 2002, Accor dispatched an environmental buying charter to its buying administrations every bit good as to over 2,000 preferable providers ( Sloan et al. , 2009 ) . Hilton Hotels Presently, Hilton Hotels Corporation has more than 3,200 hotels and 525,000 suites in 77 states. In 2009, Hilton is new planetary central office in McLean, Virginia which meets the highest environmental criterion for his design, operation and building ( Environmental Leader, 2009 ) . Besides that, the sustainability mark that aims in coming 2014 by Hilton Hotels was announced. Those include: 20 per cent: Reducing energy ingestion from direct operations ; 20 per cent: Reducing end product of waste ; 20 per cent: Reducing CO2 emanations ; And 10 per cent: Reducing the H2O ingestion. Furthermore, Hilton had already started to green its belongingss operations. Hilton says that it was reduced CO2 emanations in Hilton hotels that take parting by more than 64,000 dozenss or 56 per cent of its C footmark. Those are from the debut of carbon-free electricity at its belongingss in the United Kingdom and Ireland. Furthermore, they besides said that, it has besides reduced around 10 per cent in over the last two old ages for the H2O ingestion and energy use. Hilton Hotels besides reported that, in May it has delivered more than 10 per cent in last twelvemonth of energy nest eggs which across more than 80 hotels in the Europe. Drumhead In 2007, the Association of Corporate Travel Executives had conducted a study which showed that, merely 1/3 of corporate travel policies had promoted the sustainable touristry. Most of the major hotel ironss are looking the ways to take part in green construct to their hotels ; the H2O and energy preservation became popular ways to greening. Therefore, Marriott International has set their end to take downing the GHG emanations around 2.2 million lbs by 2010 which said by Ed Fuller- the president and pull offing manager of Marriott. Besides that, Wolfgang Neuman of Hilton Hotels besides looking toward the eco-friendly in solar warming, air-conditioning and heat recovery systems to pull out the H2O waste from another system and utilize it in other ways in short term period. Equally good as the 200 of Accor s hotels in France will hold Solar Panels by 2010. Chapter THREE Methodology 3.1 Introduction In this research, in order to obtain the wide of cognition about environmental runing practise in the hotel industry, a broad scope of secondary beginnings will be reviewed. In add-on, research scheme adopted was to carry on multiple instance surveies in two top hotel and Marriott companies in Europe and the USA. The chief informations aggregation techniques used in this research survey was certification analysis and content analysis. This chapter is divided into three subdivisions. First, the interpretative stance in the field of information system is examined ; 2nd subdivision is about the building of the secondary research design which deals with the research design and covers the grounds for choosing resources ; 3rd subdivision is describes the research attack followed in instance survey research. 3.2 Research Design Presently, the secondary literatures have increase quickly, peculiarly as new resources which are developed or ready through the cyberspace ( Saunders et al. , 2009 ) . In this research undertaking, secondary research will let the research to integrate suited and dependable informations of green operation enterprise in cordial reception, so that all the gathered informations can react to the research inquiries associating to the green activities of hotel in Europe and the USA. Secondary research differs from primary research in the aggregation of the docudrama is non the duty of the analyst. Stewart and Kamins ( 1993 ) was point out that the analyst enters the image after the informations aggregation attempt is over in secondary research. On the other manus, in primary research, the analyst is responsible for the design of research, the aggregation of informations and the analysis and sum-up of the information ( Stewart and Kamins, 1993 ) . Secondary informations although, has deficiency of direct control of the day of the month, type, and process for roll uping and recording of the informations ( Sauder et al, 2009 ) , nevertheless, secondary information is more fiscal and clip economy. For case, secondary informations peculiarly non necessary to wait for or pay to marketing research workers for a research undertaking to roll up primary informations. By utilizing secondary informations, writer can has more clip and attempt in analyzing and construing the information, as it has already been collected. Secondary research moreover may increase the quality of the research by aiming the existent quandary and errors. Consultation on secondary resources increases the efficiency of the research by aiming existent spreads and inadvertences in cognition. Primary research therefore has non been used in this undertaking due to the broad assortment of secondary informations has been found. Primary research methods such as, questionnaires or interviews will non supply relevant information for this subject. On this footing, it can be concluded that secondary research is the chief beginning of information provided in this survey including information from academic diaries, books, corporate studies and cyberspace. Nevertheless, writer should analyze carefully the information gathered to find its cogency and dependability. This is because the research merely uses one sort of research theoretical accounts and the statement generated about research subject. 3.3 Beginnings of Datas 3.3.1 Secondary Data Secondary research informations is the cardinal resource of information incorporate in this research proposal. However, the different secondary resources might hold different type of information. A guideline for obtain valid and dependable information from different resources hence, has been designed which can establish in Table 2. Type of information Resources that might hold that information Established facts and figures Reference books ; official publications ; authorities web sites General information on a subject Books of gathered articles ; text books ; net sites of relevant administrations Reappraisals of the literature on a subject Journal articles ; books of gathered articles Publications of recent research consequences Journal articles ; proceedings of conferences Professional and academic arguments Journal articles ; net sites of relevant administrations ; newspapers Table 2: The types of resources that provided different information. In order to warrant the writer s statements and offer a scope of information about the research subject, secondary informations such as academic diaries, books, corporate study and the cyberspace besides have been used. The academic diaries have presented different positions and doctrines of Corporate Social Responsible ( CSR ) construct and environmental operating practise in cordial reception. The Diaries such as the International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management , Cornell Hospitality Quarterly and Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research exemplify some research surveies that have been conducted refering the green operation enterprise in hotel industry. All the relevant information gathered from these diaries will be analysed and used to measure the degree of traveling green plans of top hotel companies. However the diary ever assembled to research purposes that differ from the current research ; hence, informations and complex statements has to be carefully evaluated, every bit good as understood and interpreted. The information in books is usually written in more well-organized and accessible manner which will assist to clear up the research inquiries and aims. In this research, text book is seldom used due to insufficient related books in library about sustainability in cordial reception. Sustainability in the Hospitality Industry by Sloan, hence, is the lone book that used to acquire elaborate information about sustainable development and green wash issues in cordial reception industry. On the other manus, the cyberspace and corporate one-year study besides had provided plentifulness of updated information. The information about green plan in hotels could be easy collected on cyberspace or diary without an existent visit or interview. However, there are mass of information resulted in false leads, hence, the research worker should believe carefully to see the dependability of the information. 3.4 Sample Techniques In this research proposal, a written analysis was showed to make a contextual apprehension of the CSR and Sustainability Development within the cordial reception industry. Relevant information were found and analysed. The related information which is included the Corporate Social Responsibility ( CSR ) construct, sustainable development in cordial reception, and green wash context, every bit good as green enterprises operational in the market place ; and environmental betterments activities practised in hotels. An analysis was conducted by developing an lineation from three constituents of the environmental operating practise which are Environmental Management System ( EMS ) , Certification and labelling strategies, and A Zero Waste Approach. This lineation was used to analyze the information that found when treatment of the instance surveies analysis within Marriott Corporation, Accor Hotel Group and Hilton Corporation. The research method employed within the survey of Marriott Corporation, Accor Hotel Group and Hilton Corporation is the Case Study. This is basically qualitative in nature, although some surveies have tried to unite a multiple case-study attack with quantitative analysis. To mensurate these Hotel groups making the Sustainable Development in their belongingss, a content analysis of companies web sites, one-year studies and societal responsible studies available on the Internet was conducted. These hotels groups maintain their companies web sites and supply information sing the sustainable development issues in PDF format, besides the papers of their one-year study and societal responsible study. The case-study attack to the Marriott Corporation, Accor Corporation and Hilton Corporation will enable the clear trial of the Environmental Operating Practise that being practised by those hotels group. The advantages that offered by this case-study will enable extended the environmental betterment activities to be identified within those Hotels Group as a whole. Possibly most significantly, these instance surveies tend to be selective, concentrating on one or two issues that are cardinal to the system being studied. 3.5 Statistic Treatment of Datas In order to happen the statistics for this research proposal, the faculty in Quantitative Method had been used which are Correlation and Regression. The correlativity was used is to find the relationship between three corporate which are Marriott International, Accor and Hilton. Besides that, the arrested development besides will be used to analyze the relationship between green enterprise, inducement and besides the green wash.

Womens Rights in Latin America and the Caribbean Essay Example For Students

Womens Rights in Latin America and the Caribbean Essay In every country in Latin America and the Caribbean, women suffer acute discrimination. Often, the discrimination women face is related to social prejudices regarding appropriate patterns of conduct for men and women. This entrenched sex inequality provides the backdrop for the pervasive and widespread human rights violations women face in the region, with little chance of justice. The most pernicious types of womens human rights abuses in the Americas occur in the areas of womens reproductive and sexual health and rights, discrimination and violence against women in the workplace, and violence against women in the home. After decades of dictatorships in some countries, democracy has not meant an end to impunity for violations of women rights. In fact, despite the formal acceptance of international human rights instruments that explicitly define womens rights as human rights, many people challenge this proposition. This challenge to womens rights is particularly prevalent in the area of sexual rights and reproductive health. Women struggle daily to gain even minimal autonomy over their intimate lives. We will write a custom essay on Womens Rights in Latin America and the Caribbean specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Women may be subjected to rape, including by their husbands, while many more are denied access to contraceptives and reproductive health services, and refused the possibility to decide to terminate unwanted pregnancies with safe and legal abortions. Across the region, millions of abortions are performed every year, most of them under unsafe, clandestine conditions, and thousands of women die as a result. For example, in Argentina, women face multiple obstacles to obtaining contraceptives and risk their lives through unsafe abortions due to legal restrictions and a failure to implement even their minimal rights under existing law. As an urgent human rights matter, governments in the region must ensure womens access to safe abortions where abortion is already decriminalized, repeal laws that criminalize abortion, work toward explicit legalization of abortion, and ensure womens voluntary access to safe contraceptive methods of their choice. Womens right to the highest attainable standard of health is also compromised by the manner in which some countries address the growing HIV/AIDS epidemic in the region. Latin America and the Caribbean is the region with the second highest HIV prevalence rate after sub-Saharan Africa. Women increasingly constitute the majority of those newly infected. Even so, governments have failed to incorporate respect for womens human rights into their central responses to the epidemic. In the Dominican Republic, for example, women are subjected to illegal HIV testing without informed consent when they seek employment or health care, and those who test positive are routinely fired from their jobs and sometimes denied public healthcare. In addition, public health professionals often reveal confidential HIV test results to womens families without the tested individuals knowledge or consent, exposing them to a heightened risk of violence and stigma. Other countries in the region, such as Peru, require as a matter of law that all pregnant women test for HIV without ensuring womens confidentiality or consent, and without linking HIV tests and counseling to the pervasive problem of domestic violence. Womens inequality in Latin America and the Caribbean is reflected in the discrimination they face in the workplace. Since the 1960s, the number of economically active women in the region has more than tripled. Though more than half of these economically active women have entered the informal sector, as domestic workers, street vendors, or other informal employment, women now also occupy positions in the formal workforce in larger numbers, in particular in export-generating industries. With the entry into the formal workforce, abuse suffered by women in the workplace is surfacing as a central obstacle to women achieving economic independence. .ub2aa0c8434dc9a48aedcd0692ba69c03 , .ub2aa0c8434dc9a48aedcd0692ba69c03 .postImageUrl , .ub2aa0c8434dc9a48aedcd0692ba69c03 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub2aa0c8434dc9a48aedcd0692ba69c03 , .ub2aa0c8434dc9a48aedcd0692ba69c03:hover , .ub2aa0c8434dc9a48aedcd0692ba69c03:visited , .ub2aa0c8434dc9a48aedcd0692ba69c03:active { border:0!important; } .ub2aa0c8434dc9a48aedcd0692ba69c03 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub2aa0c8434dc9a48aedcd0692ba69c03 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub2aa0c8434dc9a48aedcd0692ba69c03:active , .ub2aa0c8434dc9a48aedcd0692ba69c03:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub2aa0c8434dc9a48aedcd0692ba69c03 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub2aa0c8434dc9a48aedcd0692ba69c03 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub2aa0c8434dc9a48aedcd0692ba69c03 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub2aa0c8434dc9a48aedcd0692ba69c03 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub2aa0c8434dc9a48aedcd0692ba69c03:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub2aa0c8434dc9a48aedcd0692ba69c03 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub2aa0c8434dc9a48aedcd0692ba69c03 .ub2aa0c8434dc9a48aedcd0692ba69c03-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub2aa0c8434dc9a48aedcd0692ba69c03:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Searching for Ancient Egypt EssaySexual harassment, pregnancy-based discrimination, and gender-based violence in the workplace are common and constant threats to working womens lives and livelihoods. Migrant workers are especially vulnerable to abuse, including trafficking and forced labor. In countries like Mexico, Guatemala, and the Dominican Republic, the laws fail to adequately protect women workers rights and governments are turning a blind eye to the abuses perpetrated by private-sector employers. Trading partners with Latin America are also ignoring the widespread abuses. To remedy these violations, governments must act immediately to ensure that labor and other laws adequately protect womens rights, and international trade agreements should specifically prohibit discrimination based on sex. Despite recent legal reforms, domestic and sexual violence are still rampant in all countries in the region, affecting an estimated 40 percent of women. In most countries, legislation classifies domestic violence as a misdemeanor rather than as a serious crime (felony), and does not explicitly protect women from marital rape and stalking. Discriminatory attitudes of law enforcement officials, prosecutors, and judges, who often consider domestic violence a private matter beyond the reach of the law, reinforce the batterers attempts to demean and control his victim. Few governments offer battered women a real alternative to staying in an abusive relationship, as shelters either are few or do not allow women to bring their children. Some countries issue restraining orders against abusive partners, but few effectively enforce them, leaving women with little protection against their aggressors after they file a complaint with the police. Journalists and womens groups in several countries have gathered information to suggest that up to 80 percent of female murder victims are killed by their intimate partners or ex-partners. For example, in Peru and Brazil, women have faced and in many cases continue to face multiple barriers in overcoming pervasive impunity with regard to domestic violence, including de facto obligatory conciliation sessions between women and their abusers, and lack of training of police officers, doctors, judges, and prosecutors. International human rights law defines violence against women as one of the most basic and reprehensible forms of sex-based discrimination and governments must do much more to eradicate it. Despite continued entrenched sex inequality and womens human rights violations, governments in the region have for the most part formally embraced the concept of international womens rights through the ratification of international human rights instruments directed at eliminating and punishing womens rights abuses. This was achieved mostly as the result of pressure from womens groups and organizations. Latin America is the home to prominent womens organizations, advocates and intellectuals with international reputation. Women are active and prominent members of many social movements in the region, including the Movimento Sem Terra (landless peasants movement) in Brazil and the Piqueteros (unemployed movement) in Argentina. Women also remain the central actors and agents for change in the many organizations of families of the disappeared in South and Central America-organizations that continue to be pivotal in the fight for justice for past human rights abuses in the region. Moreover, organizations that focus specifically on womens rights have been instrumental in generating public debate about womens rights abuses as human rights violations. As a significant achievement for the womens movement in the Americas, every country in the Americas -with the notable exception of the United States-has ratified the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), the most important international human rights instrument on womens rights. A number of countries-Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela-have also ratified the Optional Protocol to CEDAW. This Protocol enables individual women to file complaints with the United Nations when violations of their rights are not adequately redressed in domestic courts, and also empowers the U. N. Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women to investigate situations of systematic or grave violations of womens rights. .u9d55706e6f30d13f40e34e2d7cb71286 , .u9d55706e6f30d13f40e34e2d7cb71286 .postImageUrl , .u9d55706e6f30d13f40e34e2d7cb71286 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9d55706e6f30d13f40e34e2d7cb71286 , .u9d55706e6f30d13f40e34e2d7cb71286:hover , .u9d55706e6f30d13f40e34e2d7cb71286:visited , .u9d55706e6f30d13f40e34e2d7cb71286:active { border:0!important; } .u9d55706e6f30d13f40e34e2d7cb71286 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9d55706e6f30d13f40e34e2d7cb71286 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9d55706e6f30d13f40e34e2d7cb71286:active , .u9d55706e6f30d13f40e34e2d7cb71286:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9d55706e6f30d13f40e34e2d7cb71286 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9d55706e6f30d13f40e34e2d7cb71286 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9d55706e6f30d13f40e34e2d7cb71286 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9d55706e6f30d13f40e34e2d7cb71286 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9d55706e6f30d13f40e34e2d7cb71286:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9d55706e6f30d13f40e34e2d7cb71286 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9d55706e6f30d13f40e34e2d7cb71286 .u9d55706e6f30d13f40e34e2d7cb71286-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9d55706e6f30d13f40e34e2d7cb71286:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: John Napier EssayIn 1994, the Organization of American States adopted the only international treaty specifically focused on the prevention and punishment of violence against women: the Inter-American Convention on the Prevention, Punishment and Eradication of Violence against Women, the Convention of Belem do Para. This convention has been ratified by all countries in the Americas, except Canada, Cuba, Jamaica, and the United States. The overwhelming governmental support-on paper-for womens rights has not yet translated into reality for the vast majority of women in the region. The full implementation of this promise of equality is long overdue.