Womens Rights in Latin America and the Caribbean Essay Example For Students

Womens Rights in Latin America and the Caribbean Essay In every country in Latin America and the Caribbean, women suffer acute discrimination. Often, the discrimination women face is related to social prejudices regarding appropriate patterns of conduct for men and women. This entrenched sex inequality provides the backdrop for the pervasive and widespread human rights violations women face in the region, with little chance of justice. The most pernicious types of womens human rights abuses in the Americas occur in the areas of womens reproductive and sexual health and rights, discrimination and violence against women in the workplace, and violence against women in the home. After decades of dictatorships in some countries, democracy has not meant an end to impunity for violations of women rights. In fact, despite the formal acceptance of international human rights instruments that explicitly define womens rights as human rights, many people challenge this proposition. This challenge to womens rights is particularly prevalent in the area of sexual rights and reproductive health. Women struggle daily to gain even minimal autonomy over their intimate lives. We will write a custom essay on Womens Rights in Latin America and the Caribbean specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Women may be subjected to rape, including by their husbands, while many more are denied access to contraceptives and reproductive health services, and refused the possibility to decide to terminate unwanted pregnancies with safe and legal abortions. Across the region, millions of abortions are performed every year, most of them under unsafe, clandestine conditions, and thousands of women die as a result. For example, in Argentina, women face multiple obstacles to obtaining contraceptives and risk their lives through unsafe abortions due to legal restrictions and a failure to implement even their minimal rights under existing law. As an urgent human rights matter, governments in the region must ensure womens access to safe abortions where abortion is already decriminalized, repeal laws that criminalize abortion, work toward explicit legalization of abortion, and ensure womens voluntary access to safe contraceptive methods of their choice. Womens right to the highest attainable standard of health is also compromised by the manner in which some countries address the growing HIV/AIDS epidemic in the region. Latin America and the Caribbean is the region with the second highest HIV prevalence rate after sub-Saharan Africa. Women increasingly constitute the majority of those newly infected. Even so, governments have failed to incorporate respect for womens human rights into their central responses to the epidemic. In the Dominican Republic, for example, women are subjected to illegal HIV testing without informed consent when they seek employment or health care, and those who test positive are routinely fired from their jobs and sometimes denied public healthcare. In addition, public health professionals often reveal confidential HIV test results to womens families without the tested individuals knowledge or consent, exposing them to a heightened risk of violence and stigma. Other countries in the region, such as Peru, require as a matter of law that all pregnant women test for HIV without ensuring womens confidentiality or consent, and without linking HIV tests and counseling to the pervasive problem of domestic violence. Womens inequality in Latin America and the Caribbean is reflected in the discrimination they face in the workplace. Since the 1960s, the number of economically active women in the region has more than tripled. Though more than half of these economically active women have entered the informal sector, as domestic workers, street vendors, or other informal employment, women now also occupy positions in the formal workforce in larger numbers, in particular in export-generating industries. With the entry into the formal workforce, abuse suffered by women in the workplace is surfacing as a central obstacle to women achieving economic independence. .ub2aa0c8434dc9a48aedcd0692ba69c03 , .ub2aa0c8434dc9a48aedcd0692ba69c03 .postImageUrl , .ub2aa0c8434dc9a48aedcd0692ba69c03 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub2aa0c8434dc9a48aedcd0692ba69c03 , .ub2aa0c8434dc9a48aedcd0692ba69c03:hover , .ub2aa0c8434dc9a48aedcd0692ba69c03:visited , .ub2aa0c8434dc9a48aedcd0692ba69c03:active { border:0!important; } .ub2aa0c8434dc9a48aedcd0692ba69c03 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub2aa0c8434dc9a48aedcd0692ba69c03 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub2aa0c8434dc9a48aedcd0692ba69c03:active , .ub2aa0c8434dc9a48aedcd0692ba69c03:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub2aa0c8434dc9a48aedcd0692ba69c03 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub2aa0c8434dc9a48aedcd0692ba69c03 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub2aa0c8434dc9a48aedcd0692ba69c03 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub2aa0c8434dc9a48aedcd0692ba69c03 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub2aa0c8434dc9a48aedcd0692ba69c03:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub2aa0c8434dc9a48aedcd0692ba69c03 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub2aa0c8434dc9a48aedcd0692ba69c03 .ub2aa0c8434dc9a48aedcd0692ba69c03-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub2aa0c8434dc9a48aedcd0692ba69c03:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Searching for Ancient Egypt EssaySexual harassment, pregnancy-based discrimination, and gender-based violence in the workplace are common and constant threats to working womens lives and livelihoods. Migrant workers are especially vulnerable to abuse, including trafficking and forced labor. In countries like Mexico, Guatemala, and the Dominican Republic, the laws fail to adequately protect women workers rights and governments are turning a blind eye to the abuses perpetrated by private-sector employers. Trading partners with Latin America are also ignoring the widespread abuses. To remedy these violations, governments must act immediately to ensure that labor and other laws adequately protect womens rights, and international trade agreements should specifically prohibit discrimination based on sex. Despite recent legal reforms, domestic and sexual violence are still rampant in all countries in the region, affecting an estimated 40 percent of women. In most countries, legislation classifies domestic violence as a misdemeanor rather than as a serious crime (felony), and does not explicitly protect women from marital rape and stalking. Discriminatory attitudes of law enforcement officials, prosecutors, and judges, who often consider domestic violence a private matter beyond the reach of the law, reinforce the batterers attempts to demean and control his victim. Few governments offer battered women a real alternative to staying in an abusive relationship, as shelters either are few or do not allow women to bring their children. Some countries issue restraining orders against abusive partners, but few effectively enforce them, leaving women with little protection against their aggressors after they file a complaint with the police. Journalists and womens groups in several countries have gathered information to suggest that up to 80 percent of female murder victims are killed by their intimate partners or ex-partners. For example, in Peru and Brazil, women have faced and in many cases continue to face multiple barriers in overcoming pervasive impunity with regard to domestic violence, including de facto obligatory conciliation sessions between women and their abusers, and lack of training of police officers, doctors, judges, and prosecutors. International human rights law defines violence against women as one of the most basic and reprehensible forms of sex-based discrimination and governments must do much more to eradicate it. Despite continued entrenched sex inequality and womens human rights violations, governments in the region have for the most part formally embraced the concept of international womens rights through the ratification of international human rights instruments directed at eliminating and punishing womens rights abuses. This was achieved mostly as the result of pressure from womens groups and organizations. Latin America is the home to prominent womens organizations, advocates and intellectuals with international reputation. Women are active and prominent members of many social movements in the region, including the Movimento Sem Terra (landless peasants movement) in Brazil and the Piqueteros (unemployed movement) in Argentina. Women also remain the central actors and agents for change in the many organizations of families of the disappeared in South and Central America-organizations that continue to be pivotal in the fight for justice for past human rights abuses in the region. Moreover, organizations that focus specifically on womens rights have been instrumental in generating public debate about womens rights abuses as human rights violations. As a significant achievement for the womens movement in the Americas, every country in the Americas -with the notable exception of the United States-has ratified the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), the most important international human rights instrument on womens rights. A number of countries-Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela-have also ratified the Optional Protocol to CEDAW. This Protocol enables individual women to file complaints with the United Nations when violations of their rights are not adequately redressed in domestic courts, and also empowers the U. N. Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women to investigate situations of systematic or grave violations of womens rights. .u9d55706e6f30d13f40e34e2d7cb71286 , .u9d55706e6f30d13f40e34e2d7cb71286 .postImageUrl , .u9d55706e6f30d13f40e34e2d7cb71286 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9d55706e6f30d13f40e34e2d7cb71286 , .u9d55706e6f30d13f40e34e2d7cb71286:hover , .u9d55706e6f30d13f40e34e2d7cb71286:visited , .u9d55706e6f30d13f40e34e2d7cb71286:active { border:0!important; } .u9d55706e6f30d13f40e34e2d7cb71286 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9d55706e6f30d13f40e34e2d7cb71286 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9d55706e6f30d13f40e34e2d7cb71286:active , .u9d55706e6f30d13f40e34e2d7cb71286:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9d55706e6f30d13f40e34e2d7cb71286 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9d55706e6f30d13f40e34e2d7cb71286 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9d55706e6f30d13f40e34e2d7cb71286 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9d55706e6f30d13f40e34e2d7cb71286 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9d55706e6f30d13f40e34e2d7cb71286:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9d55706e6f30d13f40e34e2d7cb71286 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9d55706e6f30d13f40e34e2d7cb71286 .u9d55706e6f30d13f40e34e2d7cb71286-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9d55706e6f30d13f40e34e2d7cb71286:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: John Napier EssayIn 1994, the Organization of American States adopted the only international treaty specifically focused on the prevention and punishment of violence against women: the Inter-American Convention on the Prevention, Punishment and Eradication of Violence against Women, the Convention of Belem do Para. This convention has been ratified by all countries in the Americas, except Canada, Cuba, Jamaica, and the United States. The overwhelming governmental support-on paper-for womens rights has not yet translated into reality for the vast majority of women in the region. The full implementation of this promise of equality is long overdue.

Cyrano de Bergerac Quotes - Edmond Rostand

'Cyrano de Bergerac' Quotes - Edmond Rostand Cyrano de Bergerac  is the most famous play by Edmond Rostand. The work is about Cyrano, a marvelous character who is witty, passionate and full of vitality. He is known for his big nose, which becomes a problem when he falls in love with his beautiful cousin, Roxane. Here are a few quotes from   Cyrano de Bergerac: What if she turns out to be a prudeor an intellectual? I wouldnt dare speak to her, I dont have the brains. The way people speak and write nowadays makes my head hurt. Im just an honest, simple, terrified soldier.- Edmond Rostand, Cyrano de Bergerac, Act 1Hes famous for his longsword.- Edmond Rostand, Cyrano de Bergerac, Act 1Cyrano de Bergerac, that specter, that paragon,That terror of trifles from Norway to Aragon,Both genius and monster, unique, unexplainable,He has every quirk and every virtue obtainable.His clothes? As outlandish as his personalityThree huge plumes for his hatTo hell with frugality!Bizarrest of all the birds hatched out of Gascony-Is your cause a lost one? Youve only to ask and heWill rush to defend you with wit and audacity,With valor beyond mankinds normal capacity,This dreamer whose vigor, whose kindness, whose verityAre great as his noseGod forgive my temerity!But truly that nose is the glorious cross he bears,Like some raging sardonic demons emboss he wears .Ive heard strangers cry, Waitand well see it taken off!But that mans nasal destiny cannot be shaken off!- Edmond Rostand, Cyrano de Bergerac, Act 1 Swine! Did I not forbid you to appear?!- Edmond Rostand, Cyrano de Bergerac, Act 1My nose is Gargantuan! You little Pig-snout, you tiny Monkey-Nostrils, you virtually invisible Pekinese-Puss, dont you realize that a nose like mine is both scepter and orb, a monument to me superiority? A great nose is the banner of a great man, a generous heart, a towering spirit, an expansive soulsuch as I unmistakably am, and such as you dare not to dream of being, with your bilious weasels eyes and no nose to keep them apart! With your face as lacking in all distinctionas lacking, I say, in interest, as lacking in pride, in imagination, in honesty, in lyricismin a word, as lacking in nose as that other offensively bland expanse at the opposite end of your cringing spinewhich I now remove from my sight by stringent application of my boot!- Edmond Rostand, Cyrano de Bergerac, Act 1My wit is more polished than your mustache. The truth which I speak strikes more sparks from mens hearts than your spurs do from the cobblestones.- Edmond Rostand, Cyrano de Bergerac, Act 1 Thus I toss my poor hat aside,And shrug off my threadbare cape,The crowds eyes are open wideAnd many a mouth is agape,As I take my sword by the napeAnd draw out its form so fineFrom which there is no escape,For tonight, Valvertyou are mine!Too bad that you chose to derideThis vicious old Bergerac ape(My teeth are as hard as my hide),Yet when you are dead I will drapeYour corpse with the finest of crepe,So that all know your taste was divine,Though you should have avoided a scrapeWith the masterfor now, you are mine!I must find now a sharp rhyme for prideYoure panting, youre red as a grape!Is that ardor or terror inside?What began as a lark, as a jape,Now concludes with a rout, with a rape,With your virginal courage supine,As a puddle on honors landscape-Turn around, little girlyou are mine!- Edmond Rostand, Cyrano de Bergerac, Act 1Its a shame, sir, to alter a shapeAs refined, as expensive as thine,But, to spare you lifes endless red tape,I will edit youThere you are mine!- Edmond Ro stand, Cyrano de Bergerac, Act 1 I know. I outnumber them, but I shall go gently with them at first.- Edmond Rostand, Cyrano de Bergerac, Act 1Does it seem strange: a hundred cutthroats against one poor poet? It is not strange. It is a minimal defense, mademoiselle(Drawing his sword; quietly.)when that poet is a friend of Cyrano de Bergerac.- Edmond Rostand, Cyrano de Bergerac, Act 1Youre a genuinely good man. There arent many of you left.- Edmond Rostand, Cyrano de Bergerac, Act 2His face is like yours, burning with spirit and imagination. He is proud and noble and young and fearless and beautiful- Edmond Rostand, Cyrano de Bergerac, Act 2(Hand on the hilt of his sword.) I shall mortalize the lot of you!- Edmond Rostand, Cyrano de Bergerac, Act 2I would die at the stake rather than change a semi-colon!- Edmond Rostand, Cyrano de Bergerac, Act 2Do they? Those large empty machines which twist and turn in every gust of fashion?- Edmond Rostand, Cyrano de Bergerac, Act 2Beware: they can gather you easily in their lofty arms and hurl you down to the gutter!- Edmond Rostand, Cyrano de Bergerac, Act 2 It is addressed to the bravest, the brainiest, the blondest, the most beautiful woman on earth! How could she think it was meant for anyone but her?- Edmond Rostand, Cyrano de Bergerac, Act 2Youre not totally immune to me, are you? (Roxane smiles cryptically.) Why else would you concoct such a delicious revenge? It must be a gesture of love.- Edmond Rostand, Cyrano de Bergerac, Act 3Yes, it is perfect. Your white gown swathed in the blue-black mantle of night. I am only a voice, and you are a point of light. I may have spoken Beautifully to you in the past- Edmond Rostand, Cyrano de Bergerac, Act 3Through the whirlwind which your eyes stir up inside me. But now, in this blessed darkness, I feel I am speaking to you for the first time.- Edmond Rostand, Cyrano de Bergerac, Act 3And what is a kiss, specifically? A pledge properly sealed, a promise seasoned to taste, a vow stamped with the immediacy of a lip, a rosy circle drawn around the verb to love. A kiss is a message too intimate f or the ear, infinity captured in the bees brief visit to a flower, secular communication with an aftertaste of heaven, the pulse rising from the heart to utter its name on a lovers lip: Forever.- Edmond Rostand, Cyrano de Bergerac, Act 3 Gods whiskers! Your face is hideous as the demons in my storybook!- Edmond Rostand, Cyrano de Bergerac, Act 3There. There is our soul. The same reed, the same fingers which have piped us into combat, call us softly home, in our thoughts. This is no longer the shrill call to attack, it is every shepherd who ever inhabited our land, whispering his sheep to fold. Listen. It is your hillside, your earth, your forestyour younger brother, suntanned under his red woolen cap. It is the green solitude of nights you spent beside the  Sordogne.  Listen  my countrymen. It is our country calling.- Edmond Rostand,  Cyrano de Bergerac, Act 4You saved your life. At the expense of your honor.- Edmond Rostand,  Cyrano de Bergerac, Act 4From the King of KingsLove- Edmond Rostand,  Cyrano de Bergerac, Act 4Oh, dont take it so hard. I drove into this madness. Every woman needs a little madness in her life.- Edmond Rostand,  Cyrano de Bergerac, Act 4Remarkable. Youre as casual about death as if it were the  theatre.- Edmond Rostand,  Cyrano de Bergerac, Act 4 She said, If you were ugly, I would only love you more.- Edmond Rostand,  Cyrano de Bergerac, Act 4How obvious it is nowthe gift you gave him. All those letters, they were you... All those beautiful powerful words, they were you!...  The voice from the shadows, that was you... You always loved me!- Edmond Rostand,  Cyrano de Bergerac, Act 5Ragueneau: Oh, my colleague - we laughed - we laughed-! Cyrano: Well, my greatest victories were won under an assumed name.- Edmond Rostand,  Cyrano de Bergerac, Act 5Cyrano: I know, you will leave me with nothingneither the laurel nor the rose. Take it all then! There is one possession I take with me from this place. Tonight when I stand before Godand bow low to him, so that my forehead brushes his footstool, the firmamentI will stand again and proudly show Him that one pure possessionwhich I have never ceased to cherish or to share with all- Edmond Rostand,  Cyrano de Bergerac, Act 5

The Interaction Of Byelikov And Kovalenko In The Man In A Case Essay - 61

The Interaction Of Byelikov And Kovalenko In The Man In A Case - Essay Example The conflict between these two people discloses the main idea of the story. The story has a very interesting structure – a story in the story, but at the same time, it doesn't prevent Chekhov from conveying the uniform assessment of human life perception, stating his ideas and outlooks. Plot composition of this story is simple and original. The prolog is the story of a gymnasium teacher Burkin telling to his friend, a veterinarian Ivan Ivanovich, a story about the teacher of Greek language Byelikov. We learn about the appearance and the way of life of the main character. The plot begins when a new teacher of history and geography Mikhail Savvich Kovalenko comes to the city. He comes with his younger sister Varinka whom Byelikov liked and considered marriage with her. The conflict of Byelikov and Kovalenko is the conflict of the people with absolutely different characters, different ideas, and moral principles, and it is the foundation of the story. Byelikov lived in panic, bei ng afraid of reality irritants. Byelikov praised the past, expressing disgust for the present and classic languages which he taught. He wore the same â€Å"an umbrella and galoshes† in which he was hiding from the real life. And everyone was afraid of this strange person. His thoughts were also hidden in a â€Å"case†. Nobody could know what he is thinking about and what he is going to do. Kovalenko, on the contrary, was open to people, he clearly expressed his opinion. A number of events make the culmination of the story: the desire of Byelikov and Varinka to get married, the drawn caricature of the main character, driving bicycles. All these actions excited Byelikov and provoked the conflict between him and Varinka’s brother. Belikov's death, which according to others serves as a solution to all the problems, is the outcome.

Neutropenia in the chemotherapy patient Annotated Bibliography

Neutropenia in the chemotherapy patient - Annotated Bibliography Example This article was concerned with providing information about the consequences and prevention of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia. It also identified who may be at risk from febrile neutropenia regardless of the status of their chemotherapy treatment. This aritcle was useful and relevant to the paper because it provided a lot of information and statistics about the prevalence of neutropenia in these patients as well as the usual methods of treatment. This was published in a journal that was peer-reviewed and found on a reliable database and so the information found here can be said to be reliable. Lyman, G. (2011). A comparison of international guidelines for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia. Current Opinion in Haemotology, 18(1), 1-10. Retrieved May 15, 2011, from the Science Direct database. This article studied the differences between international guidelines for the prevention of neutropenia in chemotherapy patients. From this, there were many conclusions made about which were the most effective guidelines. This was useful to the paper because it provided information on how to prevent neutropenia in these patients and the various different treatments available. The article was published in a peer-reviewed journal and was found on Science Direct, a renowned database, so reliability is high. The information in this article centers around neutropenia in general and how this leads to a higher prevalence of bacterial infections. It also gives information on how this may be dangerous to patients. This was relevant in the writing of this paper because it gave more information about how neutropenia can lead to disease and thus why it is such an important problem. It did not give information specific to chemotherapy patients, and thus the information must be used carefully when generalizing. The information was found in a peer-reviewed journal on a reliable database and is thus reliable. Rolsten, K. (2005). Challenges in the

Logistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Logistics - Essay Example In the near future, low-cost RFID â€Å"electronic product codes† or â€Å"smart-labels† may be a realistic substitute for optical barcodes on customer items. Unluckily, the worldwide consumption of RFID devices in consumer items may expose innovative security and privacy risks not present in closed manufacturing environments (Benny, 2002). One auto-ID system missing the flaws of optical barcodes is supported by radio frequency identification (RFID). The name â€Å"RFID† could be applied to systems in use for more than sixty years. Possibly the earliest radio identification technology was the â€Å"Identify Friend† system used in Allied aircraft throughout World War II. In 1940, the British Royal Air Force prepared aircrafts with radio transponders that would take action when interrogated. RFID transponders take object classifying information. This information may comprise the producer, product, model and a distinctive serial number. Cooperatively, this information is frequently referred to as the tag’s identity, or simply as ID. An identity may be of any length. Mostly, a 96 bit identity would be sufficient for most functions. RFID tags comprise a little microchip connected to an antennae or other pairing component. The tag corresponds by means of radio frequencies with a transceiver. The tag identity may be read automatically devoid of line of sight, through non-conducting matter for instance cardboard or paper, at a speed of several hundred reads per second and starting a distance of several meters. RFID systems have come into view as a realistic auto-ID stand in industries as wide-ranging as automobile manufacturing, microchip fabrication and even cattle herding. The final example is in fact one of the first commercialized RFID systems. A strong RFID tag with a distinctive identity was connected to each cow’s ear, permitting herders to follow a specific animal in addition to take temperature readings. These tags could

The Street Child Report Children And Young People Essay

The Street Child Report Children And Young People Essay Street children want the freedom o being abused by parents; nevertheless, their lives seem not so easy. They want working in some odd jobs; if they have no job, for them its normal to steal to eat, and if they have extra money, they buy drugs. In general, street childrens lives are rather short. They are in bad health, because of their abuse of drugs, venereal disease. First, street child is a term used to describe those kids who live and work in streets. There are more street children around the world than the whole populations in Egypt and United States, there are currently 100 million children living on streets. In turn this sector population it is increasing through the years, because of the economic crisis, family disintegration. Wherefore they are more inclined to drugs, not only bringing troubles to the society, also problems to their health. When we talk about street children, we are talking about young people who face poverty, hunger, disease, violence and homelessness. We are talking about children who have resorted to all sorts of drugs because they think this is the only way they can remain happy under their difficult circumstances. These children that have been allowed to live on the streets are on a daily basis exposed to diseases of all sorts. We have seen some of these children on the streets a result of poor people since access to food is another problem for them. These children live in the street because they do not have anything to call a home.Street child are children between five and seventeen years old who live in parks, or light stop sign. In the same way they are deprived of family protection. Children on the street divide themselves into groups who can sell things to people and who can steal money from people car. The street kids do whatever they can to earn money. Whereas that more than 20 million of kids are living on the streets, we can see the, drugs as a normal activity in the streets. The reality begins talking about food, because they only eat what they find in the garbage or what they can steal. Likewise they steal money or drugs to forget hunger. Those kids do all of these activities in order to forget about street troubles, but they feel that these activities are necessarily to survive, so it makes them more inclined to drugs. In addition to that, Street child commit illegal in America. It means if a childs get in the street without any reason the police have to take them. That called breaking the law because its not legal to do it. Each child in America have chance to work and get more also they can learn in the school without any more. United states havedrug policy and Alcohol too. If the police saw any one who drink and child fewer than 18 they will take this child to the police station. But in Egypt child cant go to school without pay more for their books Because of the high cost of services many street children are unable to go to school .Even in countries where schools are free they are unable to buy books, uniforms and shoes that are required to attend., also they do not have any chance to work to get money. The money is an important factor in their lives that can determinate important things in their daily life like eating or not. Likewise, the drugs affect not only their thoughts but also affect their health. A street kid, they cannot imagine their daily live in the streets without using drugs. In the other hand the main problem is that most of types of substance consume by street kids are legal, so they can find it easily. The drug abuse is the worst problem for them and it brings them health problems. Those kids do all of these activities in order to forget about street troubles. Therefore, a lot of country have this problem too, The problem of street children in Vietnam, a country rapidly growing and integrating with the world, arises from the interaction of traditional causes such as the loss or divorce of parents and new causes such as economic incentive. We then propose a new typology of street children based on causes and situations. Causes are classified into broken family, mindset problem, and economic migration. Situations are divided into current protection and future investment. It is shown that the broken family group is most difficult to assist while the economic migration group often shows strong desire for study and better life. Since street children are not a homogenous group, intervention must also be diversified according to the needs of each type of children. Also, there is a lot of country that effected by street child such as; Russia consists of two million street children. Officially, the number of Russian children without supervision is more than 7 million. Also china the number of street children population continues to grow at 15 million and India is home to 4 million-8 million street children. The republic of India is the seventh largest populated country in the world. Due to the economic growth has appeared. Consequently, Vietnam is the country that has from 21 thousand in 2003 to 8 thousand in 2007 street child. Not just these countries had effected by the population of street children there are more and more had effected by this population. Which is going to affect all people life and future and countries future too? In a poor developing country, a child will have disabilities to learn how come he will learn without any money and when the children think about their future, they will find out that there are no work no future and they cant connect with their family too. Poor country gives children scary future. Moreover, Children who drop out of school due to the wrong attitude of the parents are less deprived, relatively speaking, in the current situation than the first group since their parents can look after them. They are relatively well fed and protected. It is rare to see them severely by street joining them. The biggest problem with this group, however, is the strong opposition of the parents when someone (teacher, social worker, or the children themselves) proposes an education for them. There are many causes of there being street children: Poverty, Neglect, Disease, War, Famine, Social, and Family Breakups. From another of perspective on the word causes, the causes they or others on their behalf fight for are the reasons that they become street children in the first instance and to provide ways out of their problems through things like providing shelter and education them with their families.so they find the way to get themselves freedom from home and school. Do whatever they want to do. The causes of children to the street can be divided into two main groups which we shall call broken family and mindset problem. First, children with extremely difficult family situations such as being abandoned as a result of the death. This is the traditional cause of street children which exists in any developing country with or without economic growth. Also the parents continue to take care of them. Children abandoned as a result of parents divorce have to undergo an even greater emotional shock. Being left with relatives or grandparents, such children are easily discouraged from study and lured by bad friends. Most of the street children who have left home because of domestic violence are spiritually and emotionally impaired. Second causes where the family enjoys relatively unbroken relations and an average or at least not so destitute standard of living but still sends children to work in the street due to the wrong attitude of the parents or the children themselves. Some children leave home because they are lured by friends or because they want to freedom instead of going to school. Seemingly exciting life in big cities and friends who already know the street life are the pulling force. For such children, earning money is not the main purpose. However, the mindset problem most often arises on the parent side. Some parents think that cash income is more important than childrens education. How we solve the problem for the street children with their home and family? For the children and their families, being on the street is not a problem. It is their solution to a number of problems. Crowded living conditions are a problem. A young lad, who shares a single-room with his mother and two grown-up sisters with children of their own, solves a problem by finding somewhere to sleep with his friends. He remains attached to his family and visits them regularly. He is integrated with them and does not need to be reintegrated. But it is better for him to sleep out than to stay at home. When he finds a group of friends with whom he can stay at night, his situation has improved. He becomes visible as a street child and part of our problem, but for him, being on the streets solves the problem of sharing an overcrowded room. For the families and the children, it is the solution to the problem of not having enough money to feed and clothe the children. Child can be a problem. If a child is forced to work all day for an adult who takes most of the childs earnings as sometimes happens with refugee children who are afraid .It may be a problem for children to have to do hours of manual at school, or to spend much of their day in misery learning useless and boring information. Somehow, we always accept child if it is enforced in the respectable environment of the school. But spending a few hours earning a bit of extra money for himself or the family can be quite fun. Sometimes the children have to adopt the tough culture of the streets. When they are with their friends from the street, they have to act and speak as if they enjoy street life. All children should have security. They should be able to play games and have fun. They should be improving themselves at school. Children should not have to earn their own living. They should be clean and wash regularly. They should be healthy, and get help immediately when they are sick. These we regard as the fundamental rights of children and street children appear to all of these rights. This is there life and they should enjoy it. What happen to todays street children when they grow older. Are they going to affect their countries or they are going to affect us. These children can grow up and constitute nuisance in the society. They will make governments project fail. They wont do these because they enjoy it, but because that is all they have grown to know and love. At the end, nothing will work because they will fight back because we had a chance to give them good lives but we failed to do it. All children should have security. They should be able to play games and have fun. They should be improving themselves at school. Children should not have to earn their own living. They should be clean and wash regularly. They should be healthy, and get help immediately when they are sick. These we regard as the fundamental rights of children and street children appear to all of these rights. This is there life and they should enjoy it. Lastly, street children problem always cause a lot of terrible to people who walk in the street and they cant be save from street child also this children they need a future to be better people and they can help their country. If we help these children they can help us in the future. For example if a child from the street get a good job in the future and he got a lot of money that give his country a better future and his family too and himself. He will be better than anyone who lives in the street. Inside of steal money from people and ate from the street , he can now eat a health food and get a good family that carry his name and his good future. Overall, streets children are poor and as a result they are untaught. As a result, they have bad food and unhealthy body system. The street children are kids who live and work in streets and homeless people. Furthermore, they use drugs as a way to forget about their harsh reality. Lastly, they steal money in order to get food and survive. Although, they can be educated children with the government help, but they got used to their life as a children streets. We now move to How can we contain those street children, first of all Ms. Agnelli (April 24, 1922 May 15, 2009) was an Italian politician, businesswoman and writer. She was the only woman to have been Minister of Foreign Affairs in Italy neither underestimates nor dramatizes her topic, but rather carefully explains the complexity of how children arrive on the street, how they do or do not survive and what has or has not worked to improve their lives. There is no mistaking the understated prose for detachment. As Ms. Agnelli states in her prologue, Let their plight be known to all: let the conscience of humanity revolt. Ms. Agnelli has prepared this report for the Independent Commission on International Humanitarian Issues (ICIHI). ICIHI, organized in 1983 and recognized by the United Nations, is composed of private individuals dedicated to informing policy makers and the public about neglected humanitarian issues. The report focuses on street children, a highly vulnerable social group, described simply as children who exist on the street or in abandoned buildings and lack adult protection. The United Nations Childrens Fund places the global total of street children at over 30 million. This estimate, acknowledged as conservative, varies considerably. By definition these are children whose existence is not recorded on school, employment or prison registers. Some of these children are totally abandoned, others know of their families and may maintain sporadic contact. Critical is the recognition that whatever the count is today, the trends towards increasing global urbanization and younger populations portend far greater numbers of threatened children. The report provides brief descriptions of the lives of individual street children. Some are abandoned, and some are trained and left to perform or beg to contribute to their familys survival. For others the street represents an escape from an abusive family or situation. Their work is part of an underground economy and includes cleaning windshields, carrying bags, reselling items bought or stolen, and scrounging, as well as prostitution and drug-related acts. As their stories differ so do their attitudes about their situation and their hopes for the future. What is overwhelmingly similar is that on the street these children are vulnerable to exploitation, and survival means learning how to cope with physical danger and terror. A major means of ensuring survival is the formation of gangs. These groups develop highly complex organizations which offer structure, information and safety to each member in exchange for stiff obedience and obligation. Ms. Agnelli describes the various forces that result in dispossessing the most vulnerable societal groups, in this case children, from full participation in the community. She draws a parallel to the past when groups were dislocated by social upheaval, whether by drought, famine or the process of industrialization. In the present this is compounded by the lack of urban jobs and the subsequent pressures on family structure. There are obvious differences between countries. Developing countries, with their waves of migration to cities, are likely to have the most severe problems with limited solutions. Those with largely rural populations are just beginning to experience the phenomenon. In industrialized countries, the immediate availability of social services provides for unprotected younger children. Street children in these countries are generally over the age of 15. With the full presentation of multiple causes on both the micro- and macro-levels, the reader is aware that a simple solution is not in the offing. Rather, Ms. Agnelli presents a detailed discussion of various programs, generally small in scale and close to children, that have provided support for these youngsters. Never giving up on the potential effects of general social programs, i.e., employment, elimination of poverty, and support for women and families, Ms. Agnelli calls for the currently possible- support for programs with demonstrated success. In many ways the young street child is similar to other children. He(they are becoming males at this age) wishes for a bike, seeks affection, wants to belong. However, he has achieved some independence and cannot reasonably be expected to discount his experience and relinquish control over his lifes decisions. Generally, paternalistic programs have not been successful. Approaches advocated by this report suggest finding the means to locate and contact the child, respecting his perceptions and offering support. One of the programs described is the Bosconia/La Florida in Bogotà ¡ which has successfully moved children, in phases, from the street to a self-governing community with its own business. Programs that sort out youth in positive community service, such as New Yorks Guardian Angels or Californias Conservation Corps are cited as opportunities for the development of personal strength and self-worth for the participants. Examples of ways that the problem has been ameliorated in different cities suggest that as the situation of street children becomes ever more apparent in cities, usual bureaucratic solutions will not be sufficient to help either the children or the community. This report calls for a grassroots lobbying effort to promote public awareness and governmental policies that support community efforts and within which on-governmental national agencies can operate. This approach recognizes that just as important as government support is implementation by people whose life experiences have prepared them to recognize street children as citizens with a right to be included in their community.

Free College Essays - The Hidden Meaning of Gullivers Travels :: Gullivers Travels Essays

The Hidden Meaning of Gulliver's Travels  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Gulliver's Travels is one of the most beloved satires of all time (Forster 11). Yet, careful analysis shows it to be very complex with not one definite interpretation. A very surface reading may leave one feeling that the point of the book is "don't be Yahoo." This is the message that David Ward feels Gulliver the character is giving and says that it is no more complex than Orwell's, "four legs good, two legs bad." But this grows out of the fact of Gulliver's nature. A synthesis of the opinions of the writers I read paints Gulliver as an average man of average courage, honesty, compassion, and intellect, a typical Englishman. But there is nothing typical about Gulliver's Travels. What Swift has accomplished by making Gulliver the embodiment of common English values and beliefs and then having him visit far away lands that are really the mirrors of English society is an interesting satirical device. He forces the English reader to unknowingly judge English society, not according to some higher law or pristine observer, but through the lens of their own cherished values. This effectively turns English beliefs and values in on themselves as a test of their merit. Swift echoes this structure by first having Gulliver visit a land of little people, which causes one to observe them with scrutiny. Then Gulliver immediately travels to a land of giants which causes scrutiny of Gulliver, who is now the little one. After a series of different looks at society through the first three voyages, Gulliver travels to Houyhnhnmland where the nature of people themselves are given the strongest censure, by being directly paralleled with the loathsome Yahoos. Here Swift bluntly attacks almost every aspect of society, which is then compared to the Yahoos point by point by the Grey Mare. Gulliver and the reader finally identify themselves completely with the Yahoos (see close commentary), and Gulliver decides to abandon Yahooism forever. But, he is then immediately banished from the island by the Houyhnhnm assembly. This poses an interesting question (see close commentary). What is Swift's final message then about man or his future? The fact that Gulliver is unable to stay with the Houyhnhnms or adhere to their principles after leaving the island, does not mean to me that man is doomed. I think Swift is saying that man will always be Yahoo, but at the same time I think he is advocating an awareness of our Yahoo nature.

The Directive for the American Dream

Robert Frost is one of the most popular poets in America. He was known as the favorite poet of the country’s citizens (Hollander). In â€Å"Directive†, one of his popular works, Frost became controversial as the interpretation of the poem actually suggested that in order to find one’s self; one has to get lost first. This may be true as there is no necessity to find something which is not lost. However, by claiming this in his poem, it has been said that Frost has presented to his audience the modern version of the American dream. The American DreamThe concept, American Dream, began from the writer James Truslow Adams. He used it in his book, â€Å"Epic of America†, which was published in 1931. The concept referred to that dream or vision of a land in which life is better, richer, and fuller for all people. The opportunities in this land are according to each person’s ability and accomplishments. It is not merely a dream of people to have high-end p roperties and earn high salaries; instead it is a vision of a social order in which all men and women may be able to achieve the fullest stature that their innate capability may bring them.This is regardless of concepts that are relative to fate or destiny, like circumstances of birth or position (â€Å"What is the American Dream†). During the 30’s, the century in which this work was published, the American dream actually started to become vague. Although there were people who believed strongly in the American dream, there were also those who slowly lost faith. America was then under the great depression and its economy was at a very low status; thus, the vision of the American dream seemed rather obscure (Sutton). However, as the time passed, the cloudiness of the vision started to clear up.America slowly got to its feet again and the dreamers, who woke up during the great depression, began to dream again. Today the dream is still on-going and the dreamers have now gr own to multitudes. From Americans who believed their founding fathers, the dream has already spread to other countries (Sutton). Foreigners who continued to enter America were said to have been armed with their American dream. They come into the country, with the desire to earn for themselves and their families and to achieve greater. This is then current generation’s view of the American dream (Bohan).This may be what Frost was referring to in his poem. It may be remembered that the poem, â€Å"Directive† was about a speaker telling someone that he can accompany him around, direct him somewhere. But there is a huge probability that he may only take the person to the wrong destination as indicated by this line, â€Å"if you'll let a guide direct you/ Who only has at heart your getting lost† (Frost). This may point that Frost was trying to tell his audience that in order for a person to find his true destination, he must first get lost.In the earlier part of the poem the speaker described the places that the person he will be accompanying may go through. It is an old town, where everything is dilapidated and destroyed. The roads were once walked on yet no longer visited and patronized. It is a place that people has deserted (Frost). This may be comparable to the fact that when foreign migrants start to envision something great for themselves and decides to transfer to America, he leaves behind the home he once knew. The deserted place may refer to the life the migrants once had. It was tattered, of not the best quality, and very poor.Now the journey that the poem is referring to may be the travel in order to achieve the American dream. This may refer to the part of the migrant’s life where he enacts the dream and tries to fulfill it. In the poem, this is the line that says, ‘Make yourself up a/cheering song of how /Someone's road home from work this once was, /Who may be just ahead of you on foot† (Frost). It indicates th at many have done the same things and many have dreamed the same dream and have embarked on the journey. They left their home, their old lives, and even their identities.The way that the migrants left their identities behind is the notion of ‘lost’ that was being referred to by Frost in his work. Paralleling this to the American dream, it should be noted that foreign people enter the country to work and the citizens have the tendency to discriminate. These immigrants are not only viewed unequally by the citizens; they are also treated unequally by those who employ them. One common instance is the case of the Mexican laborers who are paid with lower wages but given bigger and more difficult jobs than American laborers.People seem to have this notion that when the work is done by Mexicans, it can be as good and efficient but not as costly. This notion is directly related to their racial affiliations (La Botz). The fact that when they are seen this way denotes that they ha ve already lost their dignity and themselves. There seems to be no hope if this kind of situation is examined, however, as the poem indicates, â€Å"And if you're lost enough to find yourself/ By now, pull in your ladder road behind you/ And put a sign up CLOSED to all but me./Then make yourself at home† (Frost), the drawback is not without a price. After being lost, the person finally finds his destination. Relative to the immigrant workers, the destination is the fulfillment of their American dream. Given this, it may then be concluded that using various symbolic words such as destinations, lost, and home in the poem â€Å"Directive†, Robert Frost was able to present to the public his idea on modern American Dream. He was able to expose to his readers that the modern American dream involves getting lost and finding one’s self again as narrated in his poem.He was also able to pinpoint that this generation’s American dream is no longer limited to the citi zens of the country but also to foreigners who are willing to get lost in order to find themselves finally. Works Cited Bohan, RT. 2008. â€Å"Immigrants and the American Dream†. Liberty in America. 30 April 2009 . Frost, Robert. 2009. â€Å"Directive†. Poets. org. 30 April 2009 < http://www. poets. org/viewmedia. php/prmMID/20521 >. Hollander, John. 2009. â€Å"A Close Look at Robert Frost†.Poets. org. 30 April 2009 < http://www. poets. org/viewmedia. php/prmMID/15894 >. La Botz, Dan. 1992. â€Å"Labor in Mexico†. multinationalmonitor. org. 30 April 2009 < http://multinationalmonitor. org/hyper/issues/1992/11/mm1192_13. html >. Sutton, Bettye. 2008. â€Å"American Cultural History†. Lonestar College Kingwood. 30 April 2009 < http://kclibrary. lonestar. edu/decade30. html >. â€Å"What is the American Dream. † 2002 The Library of Congress. 30 April 2009 < http://lcweb2. loc. gov/learn/lessons/97/dream/thedream. html >.

Research Proposal on Trading in Gum Arabic The WritePass Journal

Research Proposal on Trading in Gum Arabic Research Proposal on Trading in Gum Arabic BACKGROUND Before the discovery of oil in 1956, the Nigerian economy was primarily agrarian with 97% of exports consisting of agricultural produce like cocoa, rubber, cotton just to mention a few, but sad to say that a shift in focus to oil has led to a decline in the production and exports of these produce which presently constitutes just 26.8% of GDP. With the growing need for a sustainable development of the Nigerian economy, there has arisen a need to shift spotlight away from oil and concentrate on other income generating sectors of the economy that can help the foreign exchange position of the country. From 1981, there was a policy shift towards export promotion and a move to intensify the use of local raw material in industrial production. However the increase in the value of imports led to a worsening of the balance of payments (with, in addition, the backdrop of the collapse in world oil prices), which forced the government to promulgate the economic stabilization (Temporary Provisions ) act in April 1982[Inye, 2007]. However, some   incentives have been put together to encourage investment in agriculture, some of which are; Finance credit Tax Holdings, Reduced Customs Charges on Imported Inputs, Technical Support through Research Institutions, Export Financing and Guarantee, Agricultural Insurance Scheme, as Export Processing Zones (EPZs), Export Processing factories (EPFs), Export Processing villages (EPVs) and Extension Services. But most diversification initiatives had not made much headway until recently; they were mainly hampered by poor administration and ineffective trade policy strategy while some are still in their early stages so their impact is yet to be significant. In 2003, a lot of funds was injected into the presidential initiatives on cassava which was introduced to mobilize Nigerians to fully and profitably tap the potentials of cassava which hitherto had remained largely unharnessed, its strategy was to boost the production of cassava for both domestic consumption and for expo rt, this development led to an increase in the production and export of ethanol. Presently,Nigeriaranks as the largest cassava producer in the world with estimated annual production of about 40million metric tons, of which about 90% is consumed as food [Yisa 2009] In Nigeria, agriculture engages majority of the poor so the improvements in the sector is paramount to income generation, welfare enhancement, poverty alleviation, food stabilization and industrialization.   With so many resources left unharnessed like; bitumen, cocoa, cassava cocoa, palm oil, yams, cassava, sorghum, millet, corn, rice, livestock, groundnuts, cotton, Gum Arabic.   A boost in the supply side of these agricultural produce will invariably increase the country’s foreign exchange position, create employment opportunities and reduce overdependence on oil. This paper focuses on one of these unharnessed resources that have the potential of serving as a good source of foreign exchange, Gum Arabic. Gum Arabic is an organic adhesive produced from a tree called Acacia Senegal it is a natural gum that exudes from the exterior of Acacia trees in the form of dry, hard nodules, with over 1,100 Acacia species worldwide, it produces a natural gum made of hardened sap mostly taken from three species of the acacia tree; Acacia senegal (Grade 1) which is the highest grade, Acacia seyal (Grade 2) and Combretum. In Nigeria, the major Acacia utilized for commercial Gum Arabic production are Acacia Senegal and Acacia seyal. The produce is used as a thickener, suspender, emulsifier, stabilizer, flavor carrier, binder and encapsulating material, so it is therefore needed in industries such as the textile, food, beverage, dairy and ice cream, cosmetic, confectionary   and pharmaceutical,   thereby making the market for it quite robust. The gum has binding or adhesive properties and as such is used as a good emulsifying agent.   In food products, it serves as a stabilizer, emulsifier, and b inding agent for chewing gums, ice cream and jams. In pharmaceuticals, the gum is a binder in lozenges, tablets, pills, throat pastilles and cough drops. In textile industry, it is used for fabric stiffening and as a binder for textile printing gums. In miscellaneous industries it is used in producing ink, water colors, paints, carbon papers, pottery glace; it is also used in the plastic industry. In confectionery industry it is used for, hard gums, soft gum and gum pastilles. The Gum Arabic tree is usually ready for tapping 4-7 years after its establishment, tapping can then continue every year for at least ten to twelve years then they are finally coppiced for fire-wood and charcoal when the trees are about 15 years old. The tree’s extensive rooting system protects the land and has high potentials of improving soil fertility through inter-cropping with arable crops and its pods are valuable sources of livestock feeds.   Due to the ability of the tree to withstand adverse environmental conditions, is now seen as a potent weapon in the continued fight against desertification and environmental degradation in the Sahelian belt of the country, Edward (1992) stated that   it can be planted as a windbrake or shelterbelt to reduce soil erosion and desertification, as the tree can exist under extreme climatic conditions, it is easily tolerant of an annual average rainfall of less than 300mm and of substantial rainfall and temperature variations over wi de stretching of the northern sudanian – sahelian zone the presence of a Gum Arabic ‘belt’ helps to ‘hold back’ desertification. Gum Arabic (Acacia Senegal) is grown in the Sahelian zone of the country, covering 14 States of the Federation namely Borno, Yobe, Jigawa, Bauchi, Gombe, Taraba, Plateau, Adamawa, Sokoto, Kebbi, Katsina, Zamfara, Nasarawa and Niger with an estimated population of 4 million Nigerians engaged in its cultivation and trade. From available data Africa produces about 98% of the world requirement of gum Arabic,Nigeria is the 2nd largest producer of the crop in the world afterSudan with an average production of 20,000 metric tonnes of all grades of Gum Arabic.   In the year 2004, world production of Gum Arabic was put at 70,000 metric tonnes while Nigerias production amounted to 18,935 metric tonnes with export earnings of US$88.08 million selling the raw form of the product, In 2008 alone Nigeria exported a total of 20,000 metric tons of Gum Arabic estimated at US$43.55m (N6.5325 bill) [commodity network, 2008, cited in, Aghughu and Mokwunye 2010], buyers included USA, Portugal, Holland, India, Japan, UK, France, Germany, Spain, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Italy, and China.   In Anaekwe’s (2010) opinion, the country’s current production of about 20,000 MT is low compared to its potential and it stands to gain US$5.00 for every one kilogramme of processed Gum Arabic. While the Gum Arabic provides a good source of foreign exchange for the nation because of its high international demand, it is generally believe that Nigeria is not fully taking advantage of the large land available for the cultivation of the product, having little from the producing trees and at such, perhaps the most neglected area is in the area of processing, most of the product are harvested and sold as a raw instead of adding value to the product before sale. Industries are frustrated because of inadequacies in infrastructure (notably roads, transport logistics and the ports system) have consistently raised the cost of doing business. Critical among them is the serious deficiency in the supply of electricity which persistently defies solutions. A study on the cost of infrastructure failure inNigeriahas indicated that responders had ranked power outages and voltage fluctuations as among the major obstacles to their operations. The huge cost of production means thatNigeriaâ€℠¢s manufactured goods do not have the desired competitive edge in the international markets [Inye 2007]. According to [Xinshe, Paul, 2007] Low productivity, high transportation, marketing costs, various formal and informal trade barriers (both physical and institutional) and inconsistencies in trade and agriculture policies all contribute to the lack of market competitiveness. In other to resolve some of these challenges, the Gum Arabic Sector Development Program was initiated with the main objectives of, ensuring a reliable and sustained supply of quality gum arabic fromNigeria to theU.S., strengthen the ability of Nigerian stakeholders to produce and market quality gum arabic, and plant more trees in order to control environmental degradation. Presently only little has been achieved. Apart from these national problems, farmers are also faced with certain challenges. In the early 1970s the supply of Gum Arabic was threatened by the following fact; frequent clashes between farmers during gum collection in Acacia field due to lack of ownership of the wild grooves and rapid depletion of the natural forest due to activities of the natives who cut down the Acacia Senegal and Acacia Seyal tries for fuel wood , tool handles and agric implements as well as fodder and browse for livestock [Mokwunye and Aghughu 2010], presently, the   few   farmers involved in production, face greater   problem as regards   finance. The limited access to finance available is known to be hindered by high interest rates and collateral requirements. Long term access to finance is scant and so it is only the large multinational firms that are likely to receive loans, while the small-scale entrepreneurs are marginalized [Inye 2007]. Hence, because of these constraints, the total perceive d benefits from A Senegal are therefore carefully weighed by the farmer against the expected returning and benefits from cash cropping, food cropping and often from livestock raising and off-form employment, farmers expect that the relative profitability of gum to other crops should ensure sufficient incentives for them to include gum in their farming systems where it is appropriate [Edward 1992]. It is anticipated presently that the use of intercropping of immature Gum Arabic plantation with Arabic crops is recommended for effective utilization of land resources and it’s expected to motivate farmers to adopt Gum Arabic innovations [Dengle et al   2008] At this stage of development, formal training by trained trainers has not been conducted, but an impressive amount of informal training has been done. Newly established National Association of Gum Arabic Producers, Processors and Exporters of Nigeria (NAGAPPEN) chapters in each state have been the vehicle through which informal training has been conducted. Encouraging farmers to plant Gum Arabic in organized plantations and educating them would enhance the efficiency of farmers [Dengle et al 2008]. The stage is now set for the healthy growth of Nigeria’s gum Arabic sector but the deserved attention is still yet to be given by the government in terms of huge financial support and incentives to boost the supply side and there is need for promotion and awareness, as most stakeholders and potential investors are still oblivious of the huge potentials in the product.   Recently there has been a call for new investors to invest in the technology transforming gum Arabic into powder , According to Business world (2010) the project operating at the estimated installed capacity is capable of producing 3000 tons of gum Arabic powder per annum, assuming conservative export price of $10,000per ton and the local sales prices of N150,000 per ton, annual turnover of N2.8billion can be recorded with export volume of 2000 metric tons of refined Gum Arabic powder. A Strong positive profit figure after tax can be generated and a high internal rate of return due to the foreign exchange rate component of the export product is achievable. A three year estimated payback period for the project is guaranteed. To sustain the supply of Gum Arabic to both local and international markets, efforts are being made to establish a Gum Arabic Security Stock in the three leading producing countries (Sudan,NigeriaandChad) with the support of the GAO, Network for Natural Gums and Resins in Africa (NGARA) and Association of International Producers of Gum Arabic (AIPG). This will lead to rapid development of natural gum as a national resource for fighting poverty, desertification and environmental degradation. The National strategy for Gum Arabic is to encourage local value addition through increased local processing in order to attract better returns on investments. Thus, apart from providing more income, local processing creates job opportunities thereby empowering our people, Usman [2009] suggests that for greater benefit to enhance export there is need for Public- private partnership, he says that strategies such as establishment of an effective trade facilitation system, organization of regular cap acity programmes, establishment of skills acquisition centers, storage facilities and agricultural trade support infrastructure, are key. Ongoing policy reform and substantial investment in production agriculture and supporting infrastructure are shifting the location of production and exports of agricultural commodities, particularly for bulk agriculture products, away from the developed countries and towards the developing world. As a consequence strong competition is expected to be a feature of international agriculture markets not only from traditional exports but also from the developing and transition country exporters that are exploiting their comparative advantage in agricultural production [OECD-FAO 2006].Nigeriatherefore needs to take advantage of its abundant natural resource cum market availability and prepare for the buoyant production of Gum Arabic.    AIMS AND OBJECTIVES In view of diversifying the Nigerian economy and reducing the high rate of unemployment, this research intends to provide comprehensive information that will guide investment decisions in the Gum Arabic sub sector by taking a thorough look into the potential of investing in Gum Arabic, the opportunities and profitability both in raw and refined form. It also intends to suggest strategies to help boost the supply and demand side of the sector, ensure market efficiency and effectiveness by looking at both the domestic and international market for gum Arabic. The specific objectives are grouped under several headings namely: production, processing and equipments, transportation, products and products development, and export. The specific objectives are as follows: Identify the technical, institutional, socio-economic and policy opportunities and constraints for promoting the Gum   Arabic sub sector Assess the domestic market opportunity for Gum Arabic by-products inNigeriaand suggest how this potential could be realized. Evaluate the economics of Gum Arabic production and processing costs structures (and profitability) of value adding Gum Arabic enterprises and suggest reduction strategy Determine optimal locations of processing plants based on identical markets for various Gum Arabic products. Provide information on marketing cost structure from rural to urban areas for Gum Arabic and its products and determine the break-even distance and volume for Gum Arabic transportation Make recommendations on how to make Gum Arabic and its products competitive within the domestic and export markets To provide insight into the employment opportunities in the Gum Arabic sub-sector. Evaluate Gum Arabic’s contribution to the growth of non-oil exports. The analysis will be in two parts the first part will follow a vertical agribusiness perspective in which we assume that the Gum Arabic sub sector is segmented into four categories where Gum Arabic is produced at the farm level by farmers, processed, and used by agro industries to produce other products and used by other industrial markets. Secondly we look at the export potentials, opportunities and it importance to the diversification of the Nigerian economy. FIRST PART OF THE ANALYSIS Production:   Provide information on the unit production cost for Gum Arabic   in the producing states inNigeria and ascertain the Gum Arabic varieties available and their actual and potential yield Processing and Equipments:   Evaluate the economics of existing Gum Arabic processing equipments and new equipments. This is in view to ascertaining the current status of processing technology and local maintenance capacity. Transportation:   Provide information on transportation costs from rural to urban areas for the movement of Gum Arabic produce. Products and Products Market: Provide information on price trends for Gum Arabic and its products.   Identify and assess the status of existing and potential industries that use or can potentially use Gum Arabic products. And also ascertain the market share and size of use of Gum Arabic as raw material in these identified industries inNigeria. Finally to identify existing and potential volumes, prices, quality standards, and delivery schedules for Gum Arabic based products used by the various industries inNigeria and overseas. SECOND PART OF THE ANALYSIS   Export: Provide information on export quality requirements, delivery schedule, shipping costs and requirements, international prices for Gum Arabic and its products.   Establish Gum Arabic’s contribution to non-oil export growth and as a means of diversifying the economy form Oil.   Finally predict and forecast potentials of the export contribution of Gum Arabic as a stable source of foreign exchange    METHODOLOGY In looking at the causes of technical inefficiencies in Gum Arabic based   cropping patterns among farmers, Dengel   et al ( 2008)   collected primary data using multi-stage, purpose and random sampling techniques, the empirical stochastic frontier production model was used and estimated using the Maximum Likelihood estimation. Edward (1992) carried out a crop profitability, financial, economic and environmental analysis to find the benefits of six representative gum Arabic production systems. This study will build on existing documents, surveys and researches, but it will focus on Gum Arabic producers, processors and traders as well as banks, input dealers and extension institutions. The study will cover all the major sectors where Gum Arabic and its products are (potentially) utilised. For the first part of the analysis, data will be collected in three stages: first wherever available, published data would be used to establish the structure, conduct and performance of Gum-Arabic sub-sector. Secondly, a rapid appraisal survey will be conducted using focused group interviews and key informants to obtain information on trading patterns, transportation facilities, processing costs and marketing systems. The third stage of the study will focus on the captains of industry that use or are potential users of Gum Arabic. This industrial survey will among other things focus on the size and volume of different Gum Arabic commodities required in the domestic market. The Heckscher-ohlin theory of international trade will be applied for the second part of the analysis by applying theOrdinary Least Squareestimation, in view to looking at the Gum Arabic and it contribution or potential contribution to non-exports. Expected Result To find out: the production cost for Gum Arabic in producing states inNigeria The availability of Gum Arabic varieties and their actual and potential yield provided. The economics of existing Gum Arabic processing equipments and new equipment evaluated.   the current status of processing technology, and local maintenance capacity inNigeria The transportation costs from rural to urban areas. The supply chain requirements and preliminary logistic framework.   Price trends for Gum Arabic and its products. The availability and current use of Gum Arabic products together with the key users as well as their supply chain structure (e.g. farmer groups, processor groups, industries etc). The existing and potential volumes, prices, quality standards, and delivery schedules for Gum Arabic-based products used by various industries inNigeriaprovided   Exports quality requirements, delivery schedule, international prices for Gum Arabic -based products, and niche markets forNigeria.   Expected rate of return on investment for investors   Predictions and   forecast on the long term viability on exporting Gum Arabic in terms of foreign exchange earnings to the country. Its potential in terms of contribution to non-oil exports Employment opportunities through development of the sub-sector. Suggest policies for the development of the sub-sector. The study will interest a wide range of readers including Gum Arabic producers, policy-makers, donors and banks, scientists and technicians, non-governmental organizations and the private sector. SOME ANTICIPATED CHALLENGES Differences in state pricing and techniques may require adjustment of data. Inability of get documented information on some requirements might lead to reliance on word of mouth. REFERENCES Abdulsalam Usman K., 2009. Evaluation ofNigeria’s benefits from the African growth and opportunity act (AGOA) Adebiyi D., Ehui S., Ukeje E. and Mclntire J. Agricultural export potentials inNigeria. Adel Beshai A., 1984. The economics of a primary commodity: Gum Arabic. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and statistics, 46(4), pp.371-81, Aghughu O.and Mokwunye M.U.B 2010. Restoring Nigeria’s lead in Gum Arabic production: Prospects and challenges. Report and opinion 2(4) 7-13 Anaekwe Everistus N., 2010.   Processing gum arabic for huge profit in Nigeria.   http://farriconsultingng.blogspot.com/2010/09/processing-gum-arabic-for-huge-profit.html Business World, 2010. Earn foreign exchange processing Gum Arabic. Dengle Y.G, Wuranti V., Abubakar M. and Ogwuche P. 2008. Analysis of the technical inefficiency of gum Arabic based cropping patterns among farmers in the gum Arabic belt of Nigeria. Journal of agriculture and social science Edordu C.C, Oramah B.O and Osuntogun A. 1997.   Potentials for diversifying Nigeria’s non-oil exports to non-traditional markets. AERC Research Paper 68 Edward Barbier 1992. Rehabilitating Gum Arabic systems in Sudan: economic and environmental implications. Environmental and resources economics 2: 341-58 Inye Nathan Briggs 2007.Nigeria: mainstreaming trade policy into national development strategies Lelom, J. et al., 2010.   Assessment of physical properties of gum Arabic from acaciaSenegalvarieties in Baringo district,Kenya. Kolawole O. and Henry O. Foreign direct investment, non-oil exports and economic growth inNigeria, a causality analysis. Yisa A. A. 2009.   Cassava markets: option for sustainable agricultural development in Nigeria. Ozean Journal of applied science 2(2) OECD-FAO, 2006.   Agricultural outlook 2006-2015. Production of gum Arabic, extension bulletin number 78 forestry series no 11 Market News service (MNS) quarterly edition Sep 2008 Gum Arabic Rosemary O. Nigeria’s non-oil export product mix and the competitive global market place. Sonja V. and Lorenzo C. 2010. Making the most of agricultural investment: a survey of business models that provide opportunities for small holders. Truman P., Daphne S., Lateef S. and Malachy O. 2004. A cassava industrial revolution in Nigeria. IFAD. Xinshen D., Dorosh P., Sheikh M.R 2007. Market opportunities for African agriculture: General equilibrium examination of demand-side constraints on agricultural growth in east and southernAfrica.

Free Essays on Christopher Columbus Mariner

CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS MARINER by: Samuel Eliot Morison Christopher Columbus was born in the port city of Genoa, Italy in 1451. His father was a wool weaver named Domenico Columbo. As a boy, Christopher had no schooling. He and his younger brother Bartholomew helped their father by carding raw wool. Christopher grew up to be a tall, red-haired, quiet and deeply religious man. He worked for his father until he was 22. He went out with the sardine fishing fleets, as other Genoese boys did and he sailed along the coast to Corsica on business for his father. Genoese traders had their own schooners as did Christopher Columbus’ father. He made at least one trip to the North African coast. On long trips such as these, Christopher learned the elements of seamanship. In 1476, Columbus sailed as a common seaman aboard a Genoese merchant ship that was headed for Lisbon, England and Flanders. Since the Mediterranean nations were at war at the time, the ship Columbus was on was attacked and went down. Luckily, Columbus was able to swim to shore and make his way to Lisbon where he settled. At this time Portugal was the world’s greatest seafaring nation. Many Genoese had become rich and had prospered in Lisbon and Columbus saw his chance to do the same by becoming sea captain under the Portuguese flag. First, however, he had to educate himself. He learned to speak Portuguese and Castilian which was the official language of Spain at the time. He also mastered Latin so that he may be able to read scholarly books on geography. To earn his living, Columbus became a chart maker. He also made voyages as an agent for a Genoese merchant in Lisbon. In 1479 he married Dona Felipa Perestrello, whose father had been one of Prince Henry’s captains. They had one son, Diego. Felipa’s high social rank enabled Columbus to meet important officials. She also gave him her father’s collection of charts and documents. From these Columbus gained more knowledge of Po ... Free Essays on Christopher Columbus Mariner Free Essays on Christopher Columbus Mariner CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS MARINER by: Samuel Eliot Morison Christopher Columbus was born in the port city of Genoa, Italy in 1451. His father was a wool weaver named Domenico Columbo. As a boy, Christopher had no schooling. He and his younger brother Bartholomew helped their father by carding raw wool. Christopher grew up to be a tall, red-haired, quiet and deeply religious man. He worked for his father until he was 22. He went out with the sardine fishing fleets, as other Genoese boys did and he sailed along the coast to Corsica on business for his father. Genoese traders had their own schooners as did Christopher Columbus’ father. He made at least one trip to the North African coast. On long trips such as these, Christopher learned the elements of seamanship. In 1476, Columbus sailed as a common seaman aboard a Genoese merchant ship that was headed for Lisbon, England and Flanders. Since the Mediterranean nations were at war at the time, the ship Columbus was on was attacked and went down. Luckily, Columbus was able to swim to shore and make his way to Lisbon where he settled. At this time Portugal was the world’s greatest seafaring nation. Many Genoese had become rich and had prospered in Lisbon and Columbus saw his chance to do the same by becoming sea captain under the Portuguese flag. First, however, he had to educate himself. He learned to speak Portuguese and Castilian which was the official language of Spain at the time. He also mastered Latin so that he may be able to read scholarly books on geography. To earn his living, Columbus became a chart maker. He also made voyages as an agent for a Genoese merchant in Lisbon. In 1479 he married Dona Felipa Perestrello, whose father had been one of Prince Henry’s captains. They had one son, Diego. Felipa’s high social rank enabled Columbus to meet important officials. She also gave him her father’s collection of charts and documents. From these Columbus gained more knowledge of Po ...

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