An Essay on the Characteristics and Development of Ancient City-States Essay Example for Free

An Essay on the Characteristics and Development of Ancient City-States Essay A city-state is defined as an independent or autonomous entity whose territory consists of a city which is not administered as part of a local government. Through reading the articles of Larson, Westenholz, and Neihmer it becomes apparent that city-states differ depending on the region and time they are in, and the purpose they serve. The three specific examples that come to mind are the Phoenicians, Assyrians, and the Sumerians. All three of these had unique characteristics that define each society; however, all three societies displayed enough similarities to make them definable as ancient city-states. One of the defining characteristics of a city-state is the fact that it is a self-governing and self-sufficient entity. Ancient city-states provided the first clear evidence for social stratification and most city-states contained a ruling family or dynasty, which controlled the city-state and it’s surrounding hinterlands by managing the land, water, and other natural resources. Each city state also contained a council of elders which helped the ruling family serve as a controlling body of local policy. However in Assyrian city-states there also existed a year-eponymy, which was a person who was elected for a single year to serve as the head of the city hall. He acted as the head of the city and carried out the executive orders form the higher officials suchas the king and the elders. In Sumerian city states, kings were referred to as â€Å"ensi† or â€Å"lugal† which were names that were meant to display to citizens his power and importance, and made his rule indisputable within society. Kings were relied upon to build not only monumental structures and temples for their respective deities, but also to maintain a functional infrastructure. In Phoenician city states, The king was landlord of pretentious places and sacrificial buildings. This display exists in many city- states and not only in Phoenician culture. The king demonstrated his power through buildings such as tombs and temples, but however, he was also the leading figure in charge of maintenance of public places, and in most cities, the defensive wall. There is sufficient evidence of city-walls consistently across all ancient city-states, but the reason these walls existed remains unclear. There is no archaeological evidence of warfare, or conflict between city- states. One of the most logical reasons for these walls to exist was to serve a symbolic purpose because the interior area would be posses a more clear political identity. The Assyrians, in dealing with enemies, took a unique and strict political regime that limited trade and dealings with other city-states, and as evidenced by the archaeological record, in a letter. Their particular rule stated that if any merchant traded with a Akkadian Amorite or a Subariean, then the merchant would be put to death. Laws such as this one established a clear political stance that many cities held on many issues concerning interactions with outsiders. Though The city ruler acted as the city god’s human deputy and managed the assets of the city as a whole. there is also sufficient evidence for long- distance trade. City- states developed in Phoenician, Assyrian, and Sumerian society as important trade resources and had a significant impact on culture. Prominent city-states were key to cultural development because they were able to support local artisans and were key centers of trade, which enabled different cultures to influence one another. Sumerian city-states were located in key trade locations because their own agricultural opportunities were scarce, and they heavily relied on the trade of barley, beer and textiles to other places in order to obtain food resources form elsewhere in order to support their population. In Assyrian society, the economy was controlled by ruling families and therefore, trade was regulated depending on the ruling class. These city-states productivity was dependent upon the weather for that year, so trade would fluctuate depending on the success of the season. For Phoenician city- states, there is sufficient archaeological evidence for long- distance trade, shown in the influence and presence of foreign art and style. Furthermore, archeological evidence is supplied in the discovery of cylinder seals, which were used to ensure the authenticity of the item being traded or shipped, and ensure its condition, if the seal remained unbroken. Key developments in ancient city- states are displayed in the changes of city plan’s and architecture, as well as further developments in trade. In some cases, cities were set up in tribute to a specific deity. These cities were mainly located on a hill, with a temple on the highest point, with the rest of the city built around the center temple. These temples not only served as places of religious worship and practice, but also served as cultural and economic centers. A distinguishing characteristic of many ancient city- states is, dominant palaces, temples†¦of sometimes monumental size and form†¦lie next to tightly knit living quarters traversed by an irregular network of streets, and in most cases these cities had irregular and unique city plans from one another. The proximity of the households to the temple showed the importance and the involvement of the temple in the daily life of the citizens. Furthermore, the layout of the city also demonstrates social stratification.

Silent Film Meets the Talkies: A Brief History Essay example -- Film M

Silent Film Meets the Talkies: A Brief History A gambling man, Governor Leland Stanford of California needed visual proof to win a bet he had eagerly placed. Governor Stanford firmly believed that at some point in their stride, horses had all four hooves off the ground at the same time. After hiring a photographer who was to no avail, the Governor brought in John D. Isaacs, the chief engineer for the Southern Pacific Railroad, to have a look at the situation. Isaacs decided to rig up a system of magnetic releases to trigger a series of cameras, twelve total, as the horse ran down the track (Everson, 17). Mounting these images on a rotating disk and projecting them on a screen through a special lantern, they produced a moving picture of the horse at full gallop as it had occurred in real life (Encyclopedia Britannica, 1211). American cinema's next big break came with beginning of World War I. Until this period, the industry had been dominated by France, Italy, and Germany, particularly in the area of feature length presentations and the construction of permanent theaters. However, when the war broke out in Europe, film production abroad nearly ceased due to the overlap of chemicals used in film and the manufacturing of gunpowder (Encyclopedia Britannica, 1213). Simultaneously, American Cinema experienced a period on unprecedented prosperity and growth. By the end of the war, when the Treaty of Versailles was signed in 1919, 90 percent of all films screened in Europe, Africa, and Asia were American (Encyclopedia Britannica, 1213). Germany however, was the exception, because it had been cut off from America since 1914. When the Germans did finally reconnect with the world, the United States benefited greatly from their techn... ...me box office hits, regardless of the acting or recording quality. As talkies became more refined and commonplace, silent films started to dwindle. A backlash occurred and these pantomimed movies were labeled as the true art (Geduld, 253). Yet, nothing could be done to slow down the continual development of cinema as sound poured out of studios on a daily basis. In fact, this new cinematic style was so popular, the film industry turned out to be one of the few prosperous enterprises during the Depression (Geduld, 253). Works Cited Ellis, Jack C. A History of Film. eedham Heights, Mass: Allyn and Bacon, 1995. Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britanica Inc.; vol. 24, 15th ed. Chicago, IL: 1995. Everson, William K. American Silent Film. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1978. Geduld, Harry M. The Birth of the Talkies. London: Indiana Univ. Press, 1975.

A Separate Peace: Coming of Age Story

Coming-Of-Age Story Gene Forrester is the protagonist of a coming of age story in many ways. First Genes shift from ignorance to knowledge is pretty apparent. An ignorant Gene is led to the tree where he jounces the the limb causing Finny to fall. The knowledge of his evil deed and the loss of innocence because of it really launches Gene from childhood to adulthood. Genes shift from innocence to experience can be expressed by the very same situation. Gene lost his innocence when he jounced the limb of the tree and injuring Finny because of it. He now has experience of doing sinful deeds.What drove Gene to jounce the limb was perhaps to bring Finny down to his own level and make the two equal. The very thought causes Gene to become a little less innocent and a little more devious. Part of coming-of-age is having the experience of the consequences of doing bad things. Gene also experiences a shift from a false view of his world to a correct view. In the beginning of the novel Gene view s his world as being confined to Devon and that the war was not going to approach him for a long time. He soon realizes that the war is coming for him whether he likes it or not.Coming-of-age also means accepting the things you cannot change and trying make a positive experience out of it. When Gene realizes that Finny made up his â€Å"theory† about the war because he was denied entry to all of the branches of the military, his view of the war changes. His view of the war changes also because he had found out that Leper was about to face a discharge and he abandoned his post because of it. He now views the war as a very real thing. Idealism and realism are two ideas that Gene faces through the course of the novel.In the first few chapters Gene is idealistic. He unrealistically pursues the idea that Finny resents him for his superior academic ability. We figure out though that it is Gene who resents Finny because of his athletic ability and charm. The idea of crippling Finny to bring him down to Gene’s level causes him to make Finny fall. He now faces the real effects of his actions and has to come to terms with them. He also realizes that Finny was to pure of heart to resent Gene and Gene envied this great quality. Recognizing the harshness of the realistic world is part of coming-of-age.

Base Definition in Chemistry

In chemistry, a base is a chemical species that donates electrons, accepts protons, or releases hydroxide (OH-) ions in aqueous solution. Bases display certain characteristic properties that can be used to help identify them. They tend to be slippery to the touch (e.g., soap), can taste bitter, react with acids to form salts, and catalyze certain reactions. Types of bases include Arrhenius base, Bronsted-Lowry base, and Lewis base. Examples of bases include alkali metal hydroxides, alkaline earth metal hydroxides, and soap. Key Takeaways: Base Definition A base is a substance that reacts with an acid in an acid-base reaction.The mechanism through which a base works has been argued throughout history. Generally, a base either accepts a proton, releases a hydroxide anion when dissolved in water, or donates an electron.Examples of bases include hydroxides and soap. Word Origin The word base came into use in 1717 by French chemist Louis Là ©mery. Là ©mery used the word as a synonym for Paracelsus alchemical concept of a matrix in alchemy. Paracelsus proposed natural salts grew as a result of a universal acid mixing with a matrix. While Là ©mery may have used the word base first, its modern usage is generally attributed to French chemist Guillaume-Franà §ois Rouelle. Rouelle defined a neutral salt as the product of the union of an acid with another substance that acted as a base for the salt. Examples of Rouelles bases included alkalis, metals, oils, or absorbent earth. In the 18th century, salts were solid crystals, while acids were liquids. So, it made sense to early chemists that the material that neutralized the acid somehow destroyed its spirit and allowed it to take solid form. Properties of a Base A base displays several characteristic properties: Aqueous base solution or molten bases dissociate into ions and conduct electricity.Strong bases and concentrated bases are caustic. They react vigorously with acids and organic matter.Bases react in predictable ways with pH indicators. A base turns litmus paper blue, methyl orange yellow, and phenolphthalein pink. Bromothymol blue remains blue in the presence of a base.A basic solution has a pH greater than 7.Bases have a bitter flavor. (Dont taste them!) Types of Bases Bases may be categorized according to their degree of dissociation in water and reactivity. A strong base completely dissociates into its ions in water or is a compound that can remove a proton (H) from a very weak acid. Examples of strong bases include sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and potassium hydroxide (KOH).A weak base incompletely dissociates in water. Its aqueous solution includes both the weak base and its conjugate acid.A superbase is even better at deprotonation than a strong base. These bases have very weak conjugate acids. Such bases are formed by mixing an alkali metal with its conjugate acid. A superbase cannot remain in aqueous solution because it is a stronger base than the hydroxide ion. An example of a superbase in sodium hydride (NaH). The strongest superbase is the ortho-diethynylbenzene dianion (C6H4(C2)2)2−.A neutral base is one which forms a bond with a neutral acid such that the acid and base share an electron pair from the base.A solid base is active in solid form. Examples include silicon dioxide (SiO2) and NaOH mounted on alumina. Solid bases may be used in anion exchange resins or for reactions with gaseous acids. Reaction Between an Acid and a Base An acid and a base react with each other in a neutralization reaction. In neutralization, an aqueous acid and aqueous base produce an aqueous solution of salt and water. If the salt is saturated or insoluble, then it may precipitate out of the solution. While it may seem like acids and bases are opposites, some species can act as either an acid or a base. In fact, some strong acids can act as bases. Sources Jensen, William B. (2006). The origin of the term base. The Journal of Chemical Education. 83 (8): 1130. doi:10.1021/ed083p1130Johll, Matthew E. (2009). Investigating chemistry: a forensic science perspective (2nd ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman and Co. ISBN 1429209895.Whitten, Kenneth W.; Peck, Larry; Davis, Raymond E.; Lockwood, Lisa; Stanley, George G. (2009). Chemistry (9th ed.). ISBN 0-495-39163-8.Zumdahl, Steven; DeCoste, Donald (2013).  Chemical Principles  (7th ed.). Mary Finch.

Communism And Its Effect On Society - 1554 Words

I was often told as a child that humans share the same thing in common as each other and that was our future destinations. Growing up, I ended up brushing off the thought, since I believed it was nothing but an artificial excuse to scare me into doing well in life. Sadly after all these years, I regret not taking the matter seriously because eventually, I understood what our destination really was the hard way. You see, the city of Panem is a vast monotony of ancient glass and marble shaped by many years of corruption and greed. When the first trace of rebellion against the government was discovered back in ancient times, the town began to collapse even more than it already had and within several years, propaganda for a more amenable town†¦show more content†¦I could hear shocked gasps from several members of the audience while loud shouts of pain emerged from the stranger’s mouth. I awkwardly shuffled in my step as I watched the boy violently pushed against the wooden post. Moments passed by before I took a glimpse at the victim’s face, I could feel a rush of anxiety of curling into my stomach within an instant. A jagged line ran across his eye and down to his cheek, weathered by age and surrounded with patches of red marks situated around certain areas on his face. The broad size of the scar kept hidden the dark details of his previous treatment and most certainly his possible conviction. The moment I made eye contact with the troubled adolescent, my mind began to spiral, suddenly remembering my previous encounters with the teenager. His name was Caleb Durdin, a mysterious student who said to be against the propaganda and of course was the same age as me, 14. I still remember during several classes, Caleb was always get in trouble due to his opinionated behaviour. I understood that he wants to be a hero but sometimes I wonder if he’ll ever learn when to draw the line on when it’s enough. â€Å"Sooner or later, you’re going to learn when to grow up and be a respectful member of society. I’m not sorry it had to end this way Durdin, you brought this upon yourself.† One of the soldiers who dragged Caleb onto stage begun aggressively shouting at him and soon made his way towards theShow MoreRelatedCommunism And Its Effects On Society1307 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout history, people have pushed for it, fought to get rid of it, and started wars over communism. In its theory, Communism is a moneyless, stateless, and classless dream of society to develop a utopia. Under communism, there is no private property as there is today. Instead communists believe in a form of personal property that is determined by use of an object (as opposed to ideal ownership). An example to use is a house. If you eat, sleep, and just generally live in a house, that houseRead MoreCommunism And Its Effect On Society955 Words   |  4 Pagesrun the government, but the theory that many people strive to accomplish is communism. Communism has been tried again and again. The only difference was the people leading the revolutions. The theory to run a government known as communism has been around since the 1840s. This form of government seems great on paper, but fall through after time has past and the government is able to establish itself. Just like a coin, communism has two sides to it. The one side is the idea that everyone is truly equalRead MoreCommunism Of The Vietnam War And The Cold War1181 Words   |  5 PagesCommunism is an ideology that has a very long history more than one-third of the globe. This ideology is followed by Russia, Cuba, Laos, China, North Korea, and Vietnam. This ideology is the source of many revolutions and conflicts throughout the history likes the English Civil War, the Bolshevik Revolution, the Vietnam War, the Korea War and the Cold War. However, what makes Communism different from other ideologies is its origin, its policy, and its effects on the poor and the working class. CommunismRead MoreAustralias Involvement in the Vietnam War Essay978 Words   |  4 Pagesresult of a combined fear of communism and the fall of freedom from danger in Australian democracy and society. The growing web of communism saw the fall of many countries closing in on Australia and New Zealand, and it was believed Robert Menzies’ government that they would find communism at Australia’s shores. Australians were anti-communist during the Vietnam War; due to a level of hype that the society, the media, and the government were exposed to. The â€Å"domino effect† was a popular analogy duringRead MoreThe Collapse of Communism in the USSR, Central, and Eastern Europe1102 Words   |  4 PagesThe collapse of communism in the USSR and Central and Eastern Europe Before we move on to our essay on to analyse The Collapse of Communism in USSR and Central and Eastern Europe and the reasons behind its collapse, we should discuss and understand the definition of Communism. â€Å" Communism is a social system in which all the resources, economic activities are owned by state or country. † It is a system in which wealth is dispersed equally among the people and there is no private ownership ofRead MoreEssay on The Failure of Communism1655 Words   |  7 PagesThe failure of communism Communist had a long history during the 20th century, and communism was very influential. Almost all of Asia and East Europe became Communist. From the start of the theory then many civil wars in Russia affected the whole world. Communist defined the idea of itself in many different ways, it helps many nations came together formed a party fought wars, but it also made many countries became really poor, and the economy in most of the countries got pushed back about 10 yearsRead MoreWealth and Poverty: A Study on Communism and the Communist Manifesto1647 Words   |  7 PagesCommunism. The word sparks dread in the hearts of many Americans raised during the Cold War. What seems to be the basis for a potential utopian society in theory, so far has never, in practice, realized the desires of its institutors. Perhaps the reason communism has never been successful in effect lies in its most basic foundations. After all, a house, as most Texans can attest to, no matter how finely built, cannot stand careful scrutiny for cracks if its foundation is built on shifting soilRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Animal Farm1360 Words   |  6 Pagesquestion whether the type of government, communism, is feasible in a community without leading to a type of dictatorship or totalitarianism. Orwell presents the idea that communism is a good idea in theory, but it always leads to corruption by the people who take power. The author presents the novel as an entertaining fable featuring an animal revolution; however, beneath this storyline Orwell utilizes literary devices, characters, and events to prove how communism is not idealistic in a real scenarioRead MoreThe Vietnam War Was The War Essay1611 Words   |  7 Pageswere bullying South Vietnam, trying to make them a communist. Most of society will not stand up for the weaker person in a bully situation. The United States is not most of society; they believe you mess with someone your own size. Many people have different views on the Vi etnam War: was the war necessary, was the war worth all the sacrifices of American troops lives, what was the United States moral obligation to oppose communism, and what ethics did the Presidents of the United States abide by whenRead MoreThe Time Period Of The Cold War1387 Words   |  6 PagesCold War, made it hard for Americans to continue their optimism historian Stephen Ambrose commented. This paradigm shift is evident in the texts from the era, and by studying them we come to understand the values and atmosphere of the time and the effect those values had on the texts. The Cold War began after the end of World War II, after the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki by the United States of America; that continued until the early 90s with the dissolving of the Soviet Union. The two

Essay on Everyday Use, by Alice Walker - 1102 Words

In the short story, Everyday Use, the author, Alice Walker, develops and transforms the attitude of the protagonist, Mama, adjusting the way she views her two daughters, Maggie and Dee. As one of the most significant characters in the story, Mama sets the perspective and point of view for the readers because of her important role as the narrator. The plot line of the story revolves around the return of Mama’s eldest daughter, Dee, as she is coming home from college in the city. In the beginning of the story, Walker gives the readers the strong impression that Mama harbors a special partiality for her eldest daughter, and a feeling of shame for her youngest, Maggie. But as the story works its way to the peak, and eventually comes to its†¦show more content†¦Mama even has a fantasy about being reunited with her eldest daughter on the Johnny Ross Show, as they embrace and weep in each other’s arms because Dee is a girl who has finally â€Å"made it† (Walker par 3). Through-out the beginning of the story, Mama sings her daughters praises, speaking of her education and her beauty. She compares Dee against her younger sister Maggie, â€Å"Dee is lighter than Maggie, with nicer hair and a fuller figure† (Walker par 10), but her praises remain only on superficial good qualities that Dee possesses. Although Mama speaks highly of her daughter, the tone that Walker writes Mama’s attitude gives the reader an understanding that Mama was slightly resentful toward her daughter, and had hard feelings for Dee’s materialistic love for the finer things in life. â€Å"Dee wanted nice things†¦ Often I fought off the temptation to shake her† (Walker par 12). Mama also mentions Dee’s hatefulness toward the family home, and even had her suspicions of Dee’s hatred for Maggie (Walker par 11), which hints to the readers that Dee’s deeper character flaws do not go unnoticed by Mama. Through Mama’s voice, Walker describes Maggie to be the complete opposite in everything that her older sister is. In contrast to the confident personality that her older sister attains, Mama says, â€Å"[Maggie] has been like this, chinShow MoreRelatedEveryday Use By Alice Walker852 Words   |  4 Pagescomes or belongs to one by reason of birth. In â€Å"Everyday Use†, by Alice Walker, the theme of the story can be considered as the meaning of heritage or even the power of education. Alice Walker uses many symbols and motifs such as the following: quilts, education, knowledge, Asalamalakim, and the renaming of Dee. In the story, African heritage and knowledge takes a major role. The African heritage plays a major role in the story, â€Å"Everyday Use†. Alice Walker emphasizes the meaning of heritage by havingRead MoreEveryday Use By Alice Walker1372 Words   |  6 PagesEverday Use† research paper In â€Å"everyday Use,† Alice Walker tells a narrative of a mother’s frustrating relationship together with her two daughters. At this facet, â€Å",Everyday Use†, tells that how a mom little by little refuses the cursory values of her older, successful daughter at the aspect of the useful values of her younger, much less lucky daughter. On a deeper outlook, Alice Walker takes on the theme of heritage and its norms as it applies to African-Americans. Everday Use, is set insideRead MoreEveryday Use By Alice Walker1102 Words   |  5 Pagespoem â€Å"Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers† can be read similar to Alice Walker s short story Everyday Use† both are compared by the women’s ways of showing their strengths and how they identify their values, expressions and strength. Advertised in the general outlines of the plot, both literary themes talks of a quest for freedom, the characters identity and self-expression. Adrienne Rich â€Å"Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers† Alice Walker â€Å"Everyday Use† Comparison Paper Analyzing the two types of literatureRead MoreEveryday Use By Alice Walker1372 Words   |  6 Pagessociety as a whole, but more specifically in the African American Community. Alice Walker gives slight insight into   what being forced   to assimilate is like. She says in her short story Everyday Use: She will stand hopelessly in corners homely and ashamed of the burn scars down her arms and legs eyeing her sister with a mixture of envy and awe. Statements such as these are a regular occurrence in her works. Walker often speaks on the ever so disheartening topic of cultural assimilation and theRead MoreEveryday Use By Alice Walker996 Words   |  4 PagesIn the short story â€Å"Everyday Use† by Alice Walker, the author describes different ideas about one’s heritage. Culture and heritage is at the main point of the story â€Å"Everyday Use† by Alice Walker as symbolized by the quilt. The bond that Mother and Maggie share is brought by their common talent to make works of art like quilts. Dee does not have similar capacity because she does not appreciate manual labor nor believes in her heritage. The idea of pride in culture, heritage, and family is the mainRead MoreEveryday Use By Alice Walker1721 Words   |  7 PagesIn her short story â€Å"Everyday Use,† Alice Walker summarizes the representation of the beauty, the conflicts and struggles within African-American culture. â€Å"Everyday Use† focuses mainly between members of the Johnson family, consisting of a mother and her two daughters. One of the daughters Maggie, who was injured in a house fire and has living a shy life clinging to her mother for security. Her older sister is Dee, who grew up with a grace and natural beauty. â€Å"Dee is lighter than Maggie, with nicerRead MoreEveryday Use By Alice Walker1111 Words   |  5 Pagestheir culture. Alice Walker highlights and distinguishes the dissimilarities and clichà © of country African American women with the actualities that make up their lives. Characterized by short, compound sentences, with long adjectives and use of literary elements, her style is eloquent conversational and authentic. Alice Walker’s short story, Everyday Use is stylistic, ironic and narrates profound interpretation of unique views and approaches to African-American culture. Walker’s use of characterizationRead MoreEveryday Use By Alice Walker1735 Words   |  7 Pages â€Å"Everyday Use† by Alice Walker and â€Å"Brownies† by ZZ Packer are two different short stories with different lessons but both talk about the topic of race. Both stories talks about the time in the 20th century when slavery just ended but racism are still active between African Americans and Caucasians. Walker described a story about a single African American mother who is waiting for her daughter to arrive from college. Packer described a story about these African American fourth graders who are inRead MoreEveryday Use By Alice Walker1655 Words   |  7 PagesIn â€Å"everyday Use,† Alice Walker tells a narrative of a mother’s frustrating relationship together with her two daughters. At this facet, â€Å",Everyday Use†, tells that how a mom little by little refuses the cursory values of her older, successful daughter at the aspect of the useful values of her younger, much less lucky daughter. On a deeper outlook, Alice Walker takes on the theme of heritage and its norms as it applies to African-Americans. Everday Use, is set inside the late ,60s or mid ,70sRead MoreEveryday Use By Alice Walker1447 Words   |  6 PagesAbout â€Å"Everyday Use† The conflict in the story is centered around the clash between the two worlds with which Walker s character Dee is endued. Dee increasingly accuses her heritage of the ideas and rhetoric of the new Black Pride movement. Walker weaves the theme of African cultural nationalism with a descriptive conflict immersed in family issues. On another level, Alice Walker offers a unique look at the struggling African-American woman to find both a personality and voice from the shadows of

Foundations of Information Systems †Free Samples for Students

Question: Explain on Foundations of Information Systems? Answer: Introduction Unites States Pharma Corp. is a pharmaceutical company that designs, manufactures and researches pharmaceutical products and the company has its headquarters in New Jersey, United States. The company has its sites in every part of the globe and is a developed firm in the market. In order to enhance the communication and research work that is carried out in the organization, it has been recommended that a corporate knowledge environment portal shall be developed and implemented in order to provide the enhanced abilities to the employees that are associated with the company. Researchers along with medical staff members will be primarily making use of the portal. Design Specifications Internal Systems and Databases The corporate knowledge web portal that will be designed for Unites States Pharma Corp. will have a number of internal system components such as the dashboard that will be designed for the portal along with the functional aspects for communication and research facilities. There will also be a component installed as a tele-conferencing medium to allow the researchers to carry out audio and video teleconferencing with the fellow researchers and guides. The database that has been recommended for the portal is MySQL database as it will allow the information associated with the portal to be stored and managed efficiently and access to the database will also be required to be provided (Seethamraju, 2012). External Systems There are a number of external systems and sites that are available and have been created that comprise of research articles, research papers and journals. Link and access to these external sites will be required to be incorporated on the portal such that the research work that is carried out is executed in a better manner. Communication and Collaboration Facilities Pharmaceutical research is a critical process as the outcomes that are obtained after the research process are sensitive and have a direct impact on human and animal life. It is therefore required that the corporate knowledge web portal that is being developed for the organization has the facilities to share files and messages with the others in the business and fellow research scholars as well. There shall also be communication systems in the form of tele-conferencing mediums and instant messengers incorporated in the portal. Search Tools There will be a lot of information that will be available within United States Pharma Corp. that the researchers may search and seek for their research work. Also, there is a lot of information that is externally level on the pharmaceutical subjects that may aid in the research process. In order to reach to the specific research works, search tools shall be incorporated to search for the information on Intranet and Internet as a whole. News Applications Pharmaceutical companies and industries are being improved with a new work of research and development with each passing day. It is necessary to maintain pace with the latest news and information in the business and therefore analysis and information collection tool in the form of a news application shall be included in the portal that shall gather the latest information from the industry and show the same to the user. Forums and Journals There is a lot of work being done at a global scale in the pharmaceutical industry. The users of the web portal shall be provided with a link and access to the popular forums and organizations to collect and gather meaningful information for their research work. Role of Business Intelligence Business Intelligence is commonly referred as BI and it is an umbrella that comprises of many tools and technologies for better processing and handling of information associated with a particular organization. In case of United States Pharma Corp. there will be a lot of information that will be associated which will be required to be analyzed, stored, processed and handled intelligently. The web portal that will be set up for the organization shall therefore include and apply the following BI techniques to provide better information handling and management. Data Mining Data mining is a technology that comes under BI and it includes analysis along with classification of information as per the classes and categories. In this case, the information around the research topic will be analyzed and studies from several angles and viewpoints which will provide the users with the ability to reveal specific patterns on the pharmaceutical research. The information that will be analyzed will include the information collected from several sources (Nicta, 2015). Online Analytical Processing (OLAP) It is required to perform strategic monitoring on the information that is collected for the research work so that the appropriate aggregates of the data are collected. The same will be performed on the portal by OLAP technique (Olap, 2016). Real time BI There are occurrences wherein it will become essential for the user to obtain the latest news and the real-time information from the industry. Real-time BI will be a technique that will be included in the portal to provide the users to have this capability. Data Warehousing There is a lot of inter-related information and components that are present in the work of research from the research work that has already been done along with the ongoing processes. Data warehousing is a process that will allow the researchers and medical staff members to sift through the information sets for understanding the inter-relationship present. The research data that will be available will allow the development of the research work being done (Villanovauniversity, 2016) Data Analytics There will many of the data and information sets that will be associated in the research work and there will only be a few that will be of actual need. Also, it will be necessary to have a technique through which the specific areas and patterns are highlighted. It will be done with the aid of data analytics tools that will be used and implemented on the portal (Searchdatamanagement, 2016). Data Sources This will be one of the most important BI techniques that will be used and incorporated on the web portal of United States Pharma Corp. The data sources that will be used for the research work will be collated to highlight the ones that are actually applicable. Strengthening of Stakeholder Relationships There will be a number of stakeholders that will be involved with United States Pharma Corp. in terms of business owners, partners, medical staff members, research scholars, guides, end users, staff members and many more. Every stakeholder will have his or her own set of needs and requirements from the organization and would want to earn the maximum benefits from the organization it is engaged with. With the development of the corporate knowledge web portal, the research and developmental work that is being carried out at the organization will see some of the marked improvements. There will be streamlining of all the processes that will be achieved along with the obtaining of better results. It will also make sure that the organization delivers better services to its customers as the latest research results will be available. All of these reasons and features will enable the stakeholders to benefit from the organization and the inter-relationship between the stakeholder and the organization along with the stakeholders themselves will also see improvements as a result. System Acquisition Methods There are several custom and off-the shelf methods that are available and may be used for the development of the corporate knowledge web portal for the organization. Some of these methods have been described below with their advantages and disadvantages and the recommended method has also been included at the end. Package Purchasing There are several packages that are available in the market that come with a readymade template along with the functional and non-functional aspects that may be required by the portal. These packages may be used by the organization to include and implement the desired web portal in its architecture. Since the package is readymade there will be a very little time that will be involved in acquiring it. However, it may not be in complete accordance with the desired aspects and time and cost may be spent in these areas. Outsourcing Outsourcing is another method that may be used for acquiring the desired results in the organization. The development of the corporate knowledge web portal cannot be carried out internally in the organization as there is lack of environment and skills in the organization in this area. Outsourcing will include contacting a third party which will be accomplishing the design, development and deployment activities related with the portal. There will however be a lot of time that will be required to be given in order to complete the process through this method. There will be lesser support and maintenance activities associated in this case. Custom Developed Software Another method that may be used by United State Pharma Corp. for the development and implementation of corporate knowledge web portal will be the use of custom developed software. The software will be developed according to the needs and specifications of the organization and there will also be specific attention paid to the required integration and compatibility areas. These packages will score high in terms of the cost but will have the adequate features and functionalities implemented in them. Recommended Method The method that has been recommended for acquiring and developing the corporate knowledge web portal is the outsourcing method. It is because of the reason that it will fulfill the requirements of the portal and will also provide the maintenance and support services after the delivery is made. Maintenance and support cannot be carried out by the staff members of the organization itself as their nature of work and domain is completely different. Also, it will be apt in terms of the budget and schedule constraints and the end product that will be delivered will be as per the requirements of the organization. Risk Management Disaster Recovery Risk Assessment and Identification There may be several risks that may be possible to the information that is present in the portal and these risks have been listed below Attacks on Information Confidentiality Breaching of information The corporate knowledge web portal that will be designed for United States Pharma Corp. will include a number of internal and external systems along with the database. The users will access these systems on the internal and external networks which will have multiple access points. These access points along with the transition of information may be used for breaching the same (Wood, 2016). Unauthorized Tracking The information related with the research work along with the communication activities that will be carried out may be tracked through the network by the attacker and hackers. Data Mining Attacks There are many BI techniques that will be incorporated in the portal such as OLAP, data analytics, data warehousing, data mining etc. These techniques may be used to introduce attacks that are associated with them that may impact information confidentiality (Amato, 2016). Malware Attacks Malware is defined as a code or a program that is defined as a specific purpose of devastation to the system that it will be installed in. There are several types of malware that are present such as viruses, ransomware, spyware, Trojan horses, logic bombs etc. These malware may be launched on the portal through any of the entry points which may bring down the information privacy and confidentiality. Attacks on Information Integrity Message Alteration The researchers and medical staff members will make use of the knowledge portal to enhance and strengthen their research work. There will be a lot of information that will be needed for the purpose and this information will not remain stagnant as it will be necessary to discuss the details and share the information with many entities. The information will therefore be in transit and there will be many messages that will be shared on a constant basis. These messages may be captured, analyzed and transformed by the malicious entities that will have an effect on the integrity of the same (Microsoft, 2016). Media Alteration The researchers and medical staff members will make use of the knowledge portal to enhance and strengthen their research work. There will be a lot of information that will be needed for the purpose and this information will not remain stagnant as it will be necessary to discuss the details and share the information with many entities. The information will therefore be in transit and there will be many media contents that will be shared on a constant basis. These contents may be captured, analyzed and transformed by the malicious entities that will have an effect on the integrity of the same (Aws, 2016). Attacks on Information Availability Flooding Attacks Researchers and medical staff members would want the system that is the web portal to be available and accessible at all times. However, the availability will be impacted by numerous types of denial attacks that will be given shape by introducing a garbage research data and traffic on the portal. Server Impersonating There will be a collaboration of multiple internal and external servers on the portal which may be used as an attack agent by impersonating the same (Mahmoud, 2015). QoS Abuse QoS is an acronym that stands for Quality of Service and there may be attacks that may be executed on the system quality so that the availability is directly affected (Panetta, 2016). Countermeasures and Risk Response Strategies Disaster recovery measures and plan shall be installed and introduced so that in case of a risk or an attack, the information is stored and safeguarded. There shall be backups that shall be automatically scheduled and conducted so that there is no loss of the information in case of an attack. United State Pharma Corp. along with the part that is outsourced for the development of the web portal will be required to make sure that the portal has in-built anti-denial and other anti-malware systems installed. Authentication and access control on all the components of the portal shall be upgraded and transformed to two-fold authentication and multi-step access checks (Lu, 2014). Most of the risks and attacks that have been highlighted get executed through the network. It is therefore required to upgrade the network security by making use of the tools and measures such as network audits, network log maintenance, network monitoring etc. (Jing, 2014) The research information along with the information associated with the users shall be encrypted on the portal and during its transition as well so that the attackers cannot misuse the same. It will be essential to enhance the administrative control by carrying out more number of reviews and security inspections on the portal. There shall also be use of the intrusion detection packages so that any such activity is detected on time and reported to the relevant people. Attackers make use of the vulnerabilities and loopholes that are present in the specific software versions. These versions shall be regularly upgraded to avoid such attacks. The portal shall also have the features of One Time Passwords and Single Sign On installed in them (Bhabad, 2016). Conclusion United States Pharma Corp. is an organization that is looking forward to enhance its communication and research system by developing and implementing the corporate knowledge web portal in its architecture. The database that has been recommended for the portal is MySQL database as it will allow the information associated with the portal to be stored and managed efficiently and access to the database will also be required to be provided. There shall also be communication systems in the form of tele-conferencing mediums and instant messengers incorporated in the portal. Business Intelligence is commonly referred as BI and it is an umbrella that comprises of many tools and technologies for better processing and handling of information associated with a particular organization. In case of United States Pharma Corp. there will be a lot of information that will be associated which will be required to be analyzed, stored, processed and handled intelligently. It is required to perform strateg ic monitoring on the information that is collected for the research work so that the appropriate aggregates of the data are collected. The same will be performed on the portal by OLAP technique. There will many of the data and information sets that will be associated in the research work and there will only be a few that will be of actual need. Also, it will be necessary to have a technique through which the specific areas and patterns are highlighted. It will be done with the aid of data analytics tools that will be used and implemented on the portal. With the development of the corporate knowledge web portal, the research and developmental work that is being carried out at the organization will see some of the marked improvements. There will be streamlining of all the processes that will be achieved along with the obtaining of better results. It will also make sure that the organization delivers better services to its customers as the latest research results will be available. The method that has been recommended for acquiring and developing the corporate knowledge web portal is the outsourcing method. It is because of the reason that it will fulfill the requirements of the portal and will also provide the maintenance and support services after the delivery is made. There are various risks that are associated with the company in terms of the security risks which will be required to be managed through a dedicated risk management system along with the disaster recovery mechanism. References Amato, N. (2016). The hidden costs of a data breach. [online] Journal of Accountancy. Available at: https://www.journalofaccountancy.com/news/2016/jul/hidden-costs-of-data-breach-201614870.html [Accessed 19 May 2017]. Aws (2016). Overview of Security Processes. [online] Available at: https://d0.awsstatic.com/whitepapers/aws-security-whitepaper.pdf [Accessed 19 May 2017]. Bhabad, M. (2015). Internet of Things: Architecture, Security Issues and Countermeasures. [online] Available at: https://www.ijcaonline.org/research/volume125/number14/bhabad-2015-ijca-906251.pdf [Accessed 19 May 2017]. Jing, Q. (2014). Security of the Internet of Things: perspectives and challenges. [online] Available at: https://csi.dgist.ac.kr/uploads/Seminar/1407_IoT_SSH.pdf [Accessed 19 May 2017]. Lu, C. (2014). Overview of Security and Privacy Issues in the Internet of Things. [online] Available at: https://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-14/ftp/security.pdf [Accessed 19 May 2017]. Mahmoud, R. (2015). Internet of things (IoT) security: Current status, challenges and prospective measures - IEEE Xplore Document. [online] Ieeexplore.ieee.org. Available at: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7412116/ [Accessed 19 May 2017]. Microsoft (2016). Core Infrastructure Optimization: IT Security Processes - Best Practices for Business IT. [online] Available at: https://www.microsoft.com/india/infrastructure/capabilities/itprocesses.mspx [Accessed 19 May 2017]. Nicta, (2015). [online] NICTA. Available at: https://www.nicta.com.au/category/research/machine-learning/projects/advanced-data-analytics-in-transport-machine-learning-perspective/ [Accessed 19 May 2017]. Olap.com. (2016). What is Business Performance Management? BPM Definition. [online] Available at: https://olap.com/learn-bi-olap/olap-bi-definitions/business-performance-management/ [Accessed 19 May 2017]. Panetta, K. (2016). Gartner's Top 10 Security Predictions 2016 - Smarter With Gartner. [online] Smarter With Gartner. Available at: https://www.gartner.com/smarterwithgartner/top-10-security-predictions-2016/ [Accessed 19 May 2017]. Searchdatamanagement. (2016). What is data analytics (DA)? - Definition from WhatIs.com. [online] Available at: https://searchdatamanagement.techtarget.com/definition/data-analytics [Accessed 19 May 2017]. Seethamraju, R. (2012). Business process management: a missing link in business education. Business Process Management Journal, 18(3), pp.532-547. Villanovauniversity. (2016). Business Intelligence (BI) Overview of Major Components. [online] Available at: https://www.villanovau.com/resources/bi/overview-of-business-intelligence-bi-components/#.VzordTB97IU [Accessed 19 May 2017]. Wood, P. (2016). Social hacking: The easy way to breach network security. [online] ComputerWeekly. Available at: https://www.computerweekly.com/tip/Social-hacking-The-easy-way-to-breach-network-security [Accessed 19 May 2017]. Foundations of Information Systems – Free Samples for Students Question: Discuss About the Foundations of Information Systems? Answer: Introduction In this era, though access to the information is painless but approaching the right information in shortest possible time is a real challenge. In a pharmaceutical company, below are the points that cover the entire process of a drug manufacturing, Finding the problem/ disease. Detecting the cause. Figuring out the solution. Testing the drug Approval of the drug. Selling the drug in different countries. According to a study, roughly 8-15 years are required to figure out and test the drug and make this available in the market after approval from several drug approving authorities. To make this process less time taking, effective, efficient and productive, now a days, companies have started seeking help from the technology in the form of enterprise web portals that gather the entire enterprise on one platform. These portals not only help researchers to find out the problem and test the solution but also facilitate to share their research with others and get the timely and productive feedback. As United States Pharma Corp has widely worldwide spread network, the portal will help researchers and scientists in getting up to date with each others research, the worth of their research, seeking relevant data and knowing the market worth of their products. The corporate knowledge web portal designed for United States Pharma Corp is based on the vendor supported off-the-shelf product. The str ucture of portal is a well designed for inner and outer communications like Food and Drug administration (FDA), International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Associations (IFPMA) and Worlds Health Organization (WHO) etc. Moreover, the portal is designed keeping in view all the risk factors, security breaches, role based access and disaster recovery etc. Selection of the Right Portal Initially, in the world of computing, the required information systems were built as a single solution for a particular problem. However, now the inter-link of different systems has been realized and it has become apparent that these systems also have some common characteristics in terms of providing solution. The below picture shows the types of the information systems. Fig1. (is-types-five-level-pyramid-model, 2013)Shows the types of information system in four layers As the above image shows, four different types of information systems exist. For a pharmaceutical company, a system should include management information system, intelligent decision support system and executive Information system. Other than this, the portal should include communication facility between different team members working in different countries so, that the researchers will be able to share their work and get feedback. Above that, the system should also allow external sources like FDA and WHO etc. to view the research and provide their timely feedback. While designing the portal, below points were kept in mind, Evaluated the business requirements, goals, products and existing infrastructure while deciding the portal framework strategies. 2.Planned for the ultimate portal framework rather than the immediate. Like, rather than deciding a solution for a particular problem, administrative and departmental both solutions have been considered to be implemented. 3.In order to avoid systems that are firmly tied to specific applications or information sources, a vendor supported off-the-shelf product has been preferred over custom portal development. Kept in view the overall structure and the world wide spread of the company. Evaluated the clients and related companies or food authorities to provide ease in contact. Figured out the availability of the right data in order to help scientists in research. Structure of the Enterprise Portal Framework: The designed enterprise portal contains database for keeping research data, external sources, communication facility, internet tools, daily research data and connections with pharmaceutical forums. Each part of the system is described in detail below. According to (Collins, 2003), an organizations infrastructure is composed of several layers that collaborate for providing a comprehensive solution in the form of an enterprise knowledge portal. Its architecture layers include internet, firewall or demilitarized zone (DMZ), intranet, application services, portal services and backend systems like databases. The author also says that, the portal server includes below services, Security Services, for providing the authentication service. The Rules Server, for managing the content information and workflow from backend systems to the desktop. The Portal Component Server, for providing the collection of objects for connectivity and application services. The Personalization Server, helps in providing users the role based access to the system. Database: While designing any portal, the selection of the database has always remained the critical part. From the variety of databases available in the market, one need to give a serious thought on the pros and cons of the databases and must make comparison with the business requirements. As per the requirements of a pharmaceutical company, a large database is needed to be maintained in order to keep the research data, daily research patterns, popular searches, testing, approval and selling records. The database structure of the company will not be very complicated comparatively so the choice of a structured database like SQL Server or Bizztalk Server will remain the best. While choosing between SQL Server and Bizztalk Server, the former provides more suitable features to support the enterprise structure. According to (NADE, 2005), BizTalk Server makes the configuration of groups targeted towards a particular application possible. In particular, each single group can have the database acting as shared queue. While, another database one can be used for recording information on the progress of messages. To summarize, the Bizztalk Server provides the enterprise solution, facilitates in integration and provides orchestration services. The structured database will be able to maintain all the information in a well maintained fashion and the cost of the transaction of the data will not be very costly. Moreover, once the database will be designed the change in the database structure will not be very frequent, so the structure database choice will also benefit in this regard. External Sources: For a completely designed enterprise system, link with external sources is important like payment systems etc. For a pharmaceutical company, a portal to interlink the companies supplying or researching on chemicals will help in searching the chemical search coming in the marker and using those chemical in producing drugs. The link with external authoritative companies like food and drug administration (FDA), Worlds Health Organization and International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Associations (IFPMA) will enable scientists and researchers to communicate their tests and research in time and take their timely feedback to improve the results and manufacture a productive drug against to cure the disease. Customization:Basically, customization is the procedure of the portal configuration. It defines the overall appearance of portal including look and feel like layout and color scheme etc. declaring roles, integration of the external and internal data sources and defining a security policy. So, the choice of off-the shelf application is made instead of customized one. The choice follows keeping in mind the complexity of the portal. As the portal will be accessible in different countries and role based access will be provided, so the complexity of the users will increase and development of such a system which covers such a huge well settled company required a very strict and competent team of professionals which will add cost to the company. So, the company will customize an off-the shelf application and on turning the portal towards the users they will be able to personalize their experience by making changes in the content or layout to fulfill their particular business requirements. Content delivery:requires the capturing of external and internal content and providing it to the workers who need it. On the other hand, some portals provide the system administrators to declare a series of options or categories in the form of lists term taxonomy is also referred for this purpose. Users check the entire category list or tree to find the required information. On the other hand, a second approach includes publishing the content to the channel, which may become available to the subscribed users of the channel who will automatically be notified about the updates or the content availability. Thus, a knowledge base repository is essential for information sharing especially in a dynamic organization like Pharma Corp. Search:is the key in the research companies like Parma Corp. It is essential, especially when the researchers could not find their required information just by navigating through the portal. In most of the cases, it is assumed that people will try to search down maximum one or two category lists and will surrender if they could not reach nearest to their desired search category. To cope up with these situations, a context-sensitive search engine is preferred that can help locating the right and required information easily and quickly. The enterprise solution for Pharma Corp will also include this search engine to optimize the sear results in minimum possible time. The portal will also help providing the top most searched categories of employees to check the popularity of issues and interests of the scientists. Date or Application Integration:is critical for the rise of an Enterprise Information Portal (EIP). Users prefer integrated access to entire data and applications that they are required to complete their research in timely and well defined fashion. This Enterprise Information Portal (EIP) will be capable to access data from all available databases of Pharma Corp, including foregoing and previous sources. The portal would also be able to reach into the uncategorized file systems and will allow users to get access to Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Word, Microsoft Exchange, and other data files. Moreover, this should provide an easy access to all the sites that publish the latest researches on drug manufacturing. In addition, users will be able to run applications ranging from plain desktop tools e.g. contact managers or e-mail etc. to enterprise applications e.g. ERP, CRM or supply chain, through the portal user interface(UI). Information Sharing:emphasize on participation, collaboration, publication, chat, threaded discussions and conferencing. Mostly, the companies manage their collaborative activities like workgroups and projects through their Enterprise Information System (EIP). For a company like Pharma Corp, sharing of information like tests is very important. Just in case, a team working on some drug in Australia performs some tests and meanwhile the same tests have been performed in United states, the sharing of information will help both teams, physically sitting far away, to compare their results or give feedback. This sharing will help reduce the testing time, getting valuable feedback in smart amount of time. The impact of this portal will be huge. This may provide edge to the scientists to share their knowledge with external food approving authorities and get timely approval. Communication Facility: The Enterprise Information System (EIB) for Pharma Corp facilitates in communication with both internal and external teams and companies. Modern IT environments are being challenged to make information timely accessible to a variety of internal or external user while preserving the contractual level service agreements. In order to harbor these requirements, the enterprise information portals are transforming as the primary tools for the IT organizations to share information and communicate not only within their organizations but also with their customers or partner companies. Todays advanced technology support the deployment and development of EIB by influencing industry standards and best of tech tools. Through EIB, the workers will be able to approach each other smartly. They will also be able to arrange conferences or individual meetings for seeking any help, suggestions and feedback. This approach will add a significant impact on the overall improvement in research drug and business. Intranet and Internet Tools: Now days, enterprises are thinking more about their customers, market, suppliers, product and their quality. An intranet is a network based architecture which serves the internal information requirements of an organization using Web-Internet. In detail, intranet is termed as a private network that works on TCP/IP protocols and internet for communication. Technically, intranets are the application of internet technology and specifically the World Wide Web (WWW) service for an authorized community of end users. In other words, intranet is a network that is especially designed for providing ease in fulfilling organizations internal requirements using Internet concepts. According to (Waghmode, S. S., Giri, V. V., 2010), Intranets are similar to the digital warehouses for storage retrieval of organizations Information, which contains significant importance for enterprises and organizations. The basic purpose of the intranet is to share information within the computing resources and organization among employees. The following points are cited for its popularity: Easier to install Simplicity of operation .Saves money .Reusability Save time of workers by sharing common and new resources. Sources for Relevant News: Keeping up-to-date makes businesses even more successful. Just to keep the workers up-to-date of all the latest news, technology and inventions in the market, another feature of relevant news is also included in the portal. As described above, the portal will be interlinked with external sources for getting access to all the latest news. Connections with Pharmaceutical Forums: For adding an effective contribution to the health and well-being of the human beings, the pharmaceutical industrys internal strategies must be according to the communitys needs. For example, according to (Growth, 2017) the European Commission organized the Process on Corporate Responsibility in the Field of Pharmaceuticals (2010-2103) in order to promote discussions on transparency and non-regularity conditions for smart access to drug production after getting the market authorization. Similarly, plenty of forums are which needed to be attended for seeking information and taking part in the discussion. This will purify scientists thoughts and approach toward their research. Decision Making: is of significant importance in the design of an enterprise information system. Decisions involve many aspects that need to be traded off. Enterprise information systems can help an organization in making productive decisions by facilitating with accurate and up to date information after applying analytic functions. EIP would be able to organize the basic available data collected from the entire companys branches including internal and external information and records. After, the data will be converted into reports for guidance in making the valid and right decisions. A companys decisions are projected in company results and require changes in the business strategy and overall aims. Addition of this feature in the Enterprise Information System can either provide built in trend analysis or the information that leads towards such analysis. In general, a typical business strategy includes projections for all basic analytical results. The trend analysis of these operations allows showing their outcomes and how they can be changed once you have implemented the necessary decisions. For example, the proposed enterprise system will contain the Pharma Corps employees popular searches, updates, successful tests and feedbacks. So, the existences of the entire information on one platform wills enable the company to make clever decisions that would benefit both the employee and the company. Role Based Security: The idea of a role comes out of the need to provide relevant functionality which is authorized as a single unit later. According to (Nyanchama, M., Osborn, S. L., 1994), a role can be taken as a job, a collection of functions and responsibility or a bunch of privileges pertaining to some duty requirements. Further, a role exists as an entity of the role holder or role administrator. It should be accommodated with functionality to enable only the authorized users to achieve the duty associated with the role. Hence, in EIP a certain role will be given the sufficient access rights to enable an authorized user or group to perform their duties. (Baldwin,1990) termed these as Named Protection Domains (NPDs). The portal will include role based access to distinguish the usage of each employee according to their designation and need. The feature will help securing the system and redistrict the access if overall information of the portal among employees. Risk Management: According to (Stoneburner, G., Goguen, A. Y., Feringa, A. 2002), risk management consists of three processes, Risk Assessment Evaluation Risk Mitigation Risk assessment process includes evaluation and identification of risks and its impacts including the recommendation of risk reducing measures. While risk mitigation refers to implementing and prioritizing the appropriate risk minimizing measures which are also recommended in the risk assessment process. The author proposes the DAA system authorizing official that is responsible for determining whether the remaining risk is at an acceptable level or the additional security controls should be implemented for further reduction or elimination in residual risk. In case of a pharmaceutical company which relies so deeply on an information system, risk assessment is essential to minimize the risk of loss in business. After the entire enterprise will shift on technology the redundancy of the data will be of equal importance as the security of the data. In this situation, keeping separate servers on different locations and migrating data, daily, for adding redundancy, in data, will be beneficial. The scheme will help in case of disasters. In case of any uncertain situation, one place will be affected the company would be able to recover the entire records from a different location. Summary: In the current era of rising technology, each organization wants to shift towards advanced online portals for maintaining their data and enhancing their business. The proposed Enterprise portal strategy is well designed keeping in mind all the essential factors that could give raise to the business and provide benefits to employees. The proposed system includes suitable and well developed database in addition of features like access to external forums, communication facility, decision making and role based security etc. All the proposed features will help the Pharma Corp to give more challenging products to the society. References: NADE, A. (2005). Enterprise integration Collins, H. (2003).Enterprise knowledge portals: next-generation portal solutions for dynamic information access, better decision making, and maximum results. AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn Waghmode, S. S., Giri, V. V. (2010). INTRANET AND INTERNET Nyanchama, M., Osborn, S. L. (1994, August). Access Rights Administration in Role-Based Security Systems. InDBSec(pp. 37-56)W. Baldwin (May 1990). Naming Grouping Privileges to Simplify Security Management in Large Databases. In Proc. 1990 IEEE Symposium on Research in Security and Privacy (pp 116-132) Stoneburner, G., Goguen, A. Y., Feringa, A. (2002). Sp 800-30. risk management guide for information technology systems. is-types-five-level-pyramid-model 2013, url: https://eternalsunshineoftheismind.files.wordpress.com/2013/02/is-types-five-level-pyramid-model.png Corporate responsibility in the pharmaceutical industry - Growth - European Commission. (n.d.). Retrieved May 18, 2017, from https://ec.europa.eu/growth/sectors/healthcare/competitiveness/corporate-responsibility_en